Abstract：
:Ten seven-transmembrane-domain G protein-coupled receptors have been identified that are functional HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV coreceptors. However, the specific structures these receptors have in common that enable them to mediate HIV entry are unknown. Structure-function analyses have revealed that the determinants of coreceptor activity are distinct for each coreceptor, coreceptor activity is dependent on multiple extracellular domains, and various envelope proteins may interact differently with the same coreceptor. G protein coupling and receptor internalization are not required for fusion and infection of established cell lines, or for inhibition of infection by chemokines. The structure-function studies have also helped determine the mechanism by which previously described small molecules inhibit HIV-1 entry. Finally, these studies have led to a hypothesis as to how coreceptor utilization evolves during the course of an infection.
journal_name
Semin Immunoljournal_title
Seminars in immunologyauthors
Berson JF,Doms RWdoi
10.1006/smim.1998.0130subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1998-06-01 00:00:00pages
237-48issue
3eissn
1044-5323issn
1096-3618pii
S1044-5323(98)90130-0journal_volume
10pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Heterogeneity in the supramolecular organization of immunological synapses arises from the involvement of different cells, distinct environmental stimuli, and varying levels of protein expression. There may also be heterogeneity in the types and amounts of cell surface proteins and lipids that transfer between lymphoc...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2003.09.005
更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Macrophages are important for tissue development, homeostasis as well as immune response upon injury or infection. For a long time they were only seen as one uniform group of phagocytes with a common origin and similar functions. However, this view has been challenged in the last decade and revealed a complex diversit...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2016.03.017
更新日期：2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:T helper (TH) cells can assume different phenotypes characterized by the secretion of distinct effector molecules. Interferon-gamma producing TH1 and IL-4 producing TH2 cells have long been recognized as important mediators of host defense, whereas regulatory T cells are known to suppress T cell responses. Recently, T...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2007.10.016
更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite the introduction almost a century ago of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG), an attenuated form of M. bovis that is used as a vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, tuberculosis remains a global health threat and kills more than 1.5 million people each year. This is mostly because BCG fails to prevent pulmonar...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2014.09.003
更新日期：2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Outbreaks of severe virus infections with the potential to cause global pandemics are increasing. In many instances these outbreaks have been newly emerging (SARS coronavirus), re-emerging (Ebola virus, Zika virus) or zoonotic (avian influenza H5N1) virus infections. In the absence of a targeted vaccine or a pathogen-...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2019.101300
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:As a component of all living cells and microbes, it is not surprising that organisms have evolved mechanisms to detect foreign or aberrant DNA and trigger an innate immune response. TLR9 is an endosomal membrane bound receptor that is widely studied and the best understood DNA sensor. However, the existence of TLR9-in...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2009.05.006
更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The type I membrane protein receptor carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) distinctively exhibits significant alternative splicing that allows for tunable functions upon homophilic binding. CEACAM1 is highly expressed in the tumor environment and is strictly regulated on lymphocytes such ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2019.101296
更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Leukocyte subsets are recruited from the blood to lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues via a multi-step process that involves distinct adhesive and activation steps. Chemokines, a family of chemotactic cytokines that signal through G-protein-coupled receptors, play critical roles in regulating the leukocyte recruitment c...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/smim.2001.0345
更新日期：2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Signals from the precursor-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) are essential for selection and clonal expansion of pre-B cells that have performed productive immunoglobulin heavy chain V(D)J recombination. In the mouse, the downstream signaling molecules SLP-65 and Btk cooperate to limit proliferation and induce differentiation...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2005.10.002
更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recently, there have been a number of reports that gamma delta T cells are stimulated by heat shock, or stress, proteins. Although some alpha beta T cells are capable of recognizing heat shock proteins, we speculate that most or a group of gamma delta cells generally recognize this type of antigen. Recognition of heat...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1991-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a major public health burden. It is generally thought that while B cell- and antibody-mediated immunity plays an important role in host defense against extracellular pathogens, the primary control of intracellular microbes derives from cellular immune mechanisms. Studies on the immun...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2014.10.005
更新日期：2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Twenty-five years ago, immunologists and neuroscientists had little science of mutual interest. This is no longer the case. Neuroscientists now know that the first formally defined cytokine, IL-1, activates a discrete population of hypothalamic neurons. This interaction leads to the release of glucocorticoids from the...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2014.01.011
更新日期：2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The commensal microbiome constitutes an important modulator of host physiology and risk of disease, including cancer development and progression. Lately, the microbiome has been suggested to modulate the efficacy of anti-cancer treatment. Examples include chemotherapy and total body irradiation-induced barrier functio...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2017.04.001
更新日期：2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Helper T cell activation leads to transient expression of a ligand for the B cell surface protein, CD40. CD40 ligand can deliver helper T cell-derived contact signals to B lymphocytes that drive B cell activation and proliferation. Regulation of expression of CD40 ligand is analogous to that of other helper T cell-der...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/smim.1994.1037
更新日期：1994-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The mechanisms by which alphabeta T-cells are selected in the thymus and then recognize peptide MHC (pMHC) complexes in the periphery remain an enigma. Recent work particularly with respect to quantification of T-cell sensitivity and the role of self-ligands in T-cell activation has provided some important clues to th...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2007.04.003
更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bacterial toxin superantigens bind to MHC class II molecules and activate a large proportion of T cells through a direct interaction with the T cell receptor (TCR). The toxin: TCR interaction involves specific recognition between the beta-chain variable region and the toxin. Although a complete alpha beta T cell recep...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/smim.1993.1003
更新日期：1993-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:B cells require signals from multiple sources for their development from precursor cells, and differentiation into effector cells. BAFF has been identified as a critical regulator of B cell development and differentiation. Defects in the production of BAFF and/or expression of its receptors have been associated with a...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2006.04.004
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The discovery of GPI-anchored membrane proteins presented a conundrum for membrane biologists. What could the special purpose be for this type of membrane anchor and why couldn't a transmembrane anchor do the same job? Recent information from several different sources is beginning to provide answers to these questions...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/smim.1994.1013
更新日期：1994-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The skin immune system harbors a complex network of dendritic cells (DCs). Recent studies highlight a diverse functional specialization of skin DC subsets. In addition to generating cellular and humoral immunity against pathogens, skin DCs are involved in tolerogenic mechanisms to ensure the maintenance of immune home...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2011.01.006
更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The mammalian alimentary tract harbors hundreds of bacterial species that constitute the indigenous microbial flora. The indigenous microbial flora has long been appreciated for its role in host immune system development. Recent reports suggest that components of the microbial flora differentially affect the proportio...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2011.01.010
更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Minor lymphocyte stimulating (Mls) antigens have profound effects on the murine immune system and have been very important for our current understanding of immune tolerance. It has recently been discovered that these Mls antigens are encoded in an open reading frame located in the 3' long terminal repeat of endogenous...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1992-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing the transcription factor forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) play a critical role in maintaining immunological homeostasis. Treg cells are highly abundant in the mouse intestinal lamina propria, particularly in the colon. Recent studies using germ-free and gnotobiotic mice have revealed t...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2011.11.009
更新日期：2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the adult thymus the majority of thymocytes are at a non-proliferating end stage, during which 3% of all CD4+CD8+ cortical thymocytes are selected on the basis of appropriate T-cell antigen-receptor (TcR) specificity to become CD4-CD8+ or CD4+CD8- mature thymocytes. The selected mature cells gradually emigrate to t...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Secondary, so-called costimulatory, signals are critically required for the process of T cell activation. Since landmark studies defined that T cells receiving a T cell receptor signal without a costimulatory signal, are tolerized in vitro, the investigation of T cell costimulation has attracted intense interest. Earl...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2011.04.002
更新日期：2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Natural killer (NK) cells have traditionally been classified as a cellular component of the innate immune system, given their ability to rapidly produce effector cytokines and kill infected or transformed cells without prior exposure. More recently, NK cells have been shown to possess features of adaptive immunity suc...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2017.08.012
更新日期：2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:T helper 17 (Th17) cells have been reported to be responsible for several chronic inflammatory diseases. However, a peculiar feature of human Th17 cells is that they are very rare in the inflammatory sites in comparison with Th1 cells. The first reason for this rarity is the existence of some self-regulatory mechanism...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2013.10.011
更新日期：2013-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules display peptides to the T cell receptor (TCR). The ability of the TCR to discriminate foreign from self-peptides presented by MHC molecules is a requirement of an effective adaptive immune response. Dysregulation of this molecular recognition event often leads ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2007.04.006
更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Interferon epsilon (IFNε) is a type I IFN with unusual patterns of expression and therefore, function. It is constitutively expressed by reproductive tract epithelium and regulated by hormones during estrus cycle, reproduction, and menopause and by exogenous hormones. The IFNe protein is encoded by a gene in the type ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2019.101328
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Ly49 and Nkrp1 loci encode structurally and functionally related cell surface proteins that positively or negatively regulate natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity and cytokine production. Yet despite their clear relatedness and genetic linkage within the NK gene complex (NKC), these two multi-gene famili...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2008.05.004
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Dysbiosis of gut microbiota occurs in many human chronic immune-mediated diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). Reciprocally, uncontrolled immune responses, that may or may not be induced by dysbiosis, are central to the development of IBD and CAC. There has ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.smim.2017.04.003
更新日期：2017-08-01 00:00:00
