Abstract:
:A revolution has occurred in the attitude of biologists toward their intellectual property rights. What today is patentable and highly profitable was, 20 years ago, unpatentable and given away for nothing. The history of this revolution began in the early 1960s when we made the first effort to have self-duplicating cell strains patented. The application was denied because patent law at that time did not include living matter. Because of the demand for our normal human diploid cell strain, WI-38, by NIH grantees, NIH support was provided to distribute WI-38 gratis to hundreds of recipients. These included vaccine and cell manufacturers who profited enormously from the direct sale of WI-38 or its use as a substrate for many human virus vaccines. When federal support for the distribution of WI-38 ended, but demand did not, I continued to distribute it for costs similar to those made by the American Type Culture Collection. When I took the first initiative and asked NIH to have the then unique question of title to a self-duplicating system resolved, they sent an accountant who accused me of theft of government property. I replied with a lawsuit that, after six years of litigation, we won with an out-of-court settlement. During these six years the United States Supreme Court ruled that living matter could be patented. Also, the biotechnology industry was launched by biologists who, like me, started companies using cells or microorganisms developed with federal support. This use of intellectual property rights by the nascent biotechnology industry was ultimately embraced by the entire biological community and by a directive from the President of the United States. This revolution has now evolved to the point where government biologists themselves may profit from research in federal laboratories, and the NIH itself aggressively seeks private commercial alliances. Universities have also pursued similar alliances to the extent that today the distinction between a research university and a commercial organization is only in the eyes of the Internal Revenue Service.
journal_name
Exp Gerontoljournal_title
Experimental gerontologyauthors
Hayflick Ldoi
10.1016/s0531-5565(97)00115-0subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1998-01-01 00:00:00pages
191-207issue
1-2eissn
0531-5565issn
1873-6815pii
S0531-5565(97)00115-0journal_volume
33pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Orally-administered catechin has long been known to have several beneficial effects on the mammalian host, however, the effects of orally supplemented catechin on the host through gingival tissues have not yet been established. Here, we elucidated the effects of orally supplemented catechin in the rat heart blood mito...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.exger.2013.08.014
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aging adipose tissues (ATs) manifest reduced vascularity and increased hypoxia and inflammation that contribute to local and systemic metabolic dysfunction. However, the mechanisms that underlie these age-related changes are incompletely understood. In this study, we sought to examine insulin-stimulated vasodilation a...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.exger.2020.111126
更新日期:2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Reductive stress, which is due to a paradoxical excess of antioxidants such as reduced glutathione (GSH) and GSH-related enzymes associated with decreased oxidant levels, has emerged as a pathogenetic mechanism of myocardial damage in pathological conditions such as protein aggregation cardiomyopathy. Notably, in the ...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.exger.2020.110871
更新日期:2020-02-06 00:00:00
abstract::Several factors involved in regulation of bone mineral metabolism were compared in male and female Fischer 344 rats of different ages (1, 2.5, 6, and 18 months). Plasma 1,25-(OH)2D3 concentrations decreased with age in rats of both genders. Abundance of calbindin-D28K and its mRNA in kidney and calbindin-D9K and its m...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0531-5565(95)00014-3
更新日期:1995-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Werner's syndrome is a premature aging syndrome with many features common to normal aging. The possible association between phenotypic markers for normal aging and SNP's in the WRN gene was investigated in 426 dizygotic, Danish twins age 70-90 years. All participants were scored every second year using a number of phy...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.exger.2004.03.036
更新日期:2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The geriatric populations of many countries are growing rapidly and they present major problems to healthcare infrastructures from both medical and economic perspectives. The elderly are predisposed to a variety of diseases, which contribute to a marked increase in morbidity in this subpopulation. The incidence of liv...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.exger.2005.06.009
更新日期:2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mouse models have been widely used in the research of human diseases. Aging, just as cancer, is influenced by the interaction of various genetic and environmental factors. Currently, aging could be induced by many mechanism, including telomere dysfunction, oxidase stress, DNA damage and epigenetic changes. Many of the...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.exger.2019.03.002
更新日期:2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Calorie restriction (CR) may affect glucose tolerance via modulation of the insulin action in skeletal muscle. The present study investigated the effect of CR initiated at middle age in rats bearing glucose intolerance, in comparison with CR at a younger age. Male F344 rats at 2.5 and 18months (mo) of age were fed ad ...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.exger.2006.06.055
更新日期:2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present study investigated the time-course for aging-associated effects on contractile and relaxing vascular responses and nitric oxide (NO) production in the aorta from female senescence-accelerated resistant (SAMR1) and prone (SAMP8) mice. Both SAMR1 and SAMP8 were studied at three different ages: 3 (young), 6 (...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.exger.2013.08.003
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The A3243G mutation, one of the changes of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that accumulates in cells during aging, is a useful marker for investigating the aging of cells. We measured the mutation level of the mtDNA A3243G mutation using DNAs from two different tissues (esophageal epithelium and myocardium) from advan...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0531-5565(02)00020-7
更新日期:2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aging is associated with impaired mitochondrial function, whereas exercise training enhances mitochondrial content and function in part through activation of PGC-1α. Mitochondria form dynamic networks regulated by fission and fusion with profound effects on mitochondrial functions, yet the effects of aging and exercis...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.exger.2017.05.020
更新日期:2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Apoptosis plays an important role in atrophy and sarcopenia in skeletal muscle. Recent evidence suggests that insufficient heat shock proteins (HSPs) may contribute to apoptosis and muscle wasting. In addition, long-term caloric restriction (CR) and lifelong wheel running exercise (WR) with CR provide significant prot...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.exger.2015.06.007
更新日期:2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology (TMIG) celebrates its 30th anniversary in 2002. Since its establishment, TMIG has been carrying out inter-disciplinary research on aging as a core institute in Japan and functions as a knowledge bank and a source for capable researchers of gerontology. The proportion of ...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0531-5565(02)00169-9
更新日期:2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Collagens and elastin are 'building blocks' of tissues and extracellular matrix. Mutations in these proteins cause severe congenital syndromes. Adverse genetic variations may accelerate the aging process in adults contributing to premature morbidity, disability and/or mortality. Favorable variants may contribute to lo...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.exger.2019.110781
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Based on evidence that human diploid fibroblasts (HDF) from the Werner syndrome (WS) of premature aging might overexpress an inhibitor of DNA synthesis (IDS), we prepared a eukaryotic cDNA expression library from WS mRNA and tested it for IDS activity in a transient assay. Two of six WS cDNA pools tested gave IDS acti...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0531-5565(89)90052-1
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Arterial stiffness, an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease, is increased in aging, but the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) may contribute to oxidative stress and arterial stiffness in healthy older adults. To test the hypothesis that short-term MR block...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1016/j.exger.2013.05.058
更新日期:2013-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:The cortisol awakening response (CAR) is a useful endocrine marker for the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity. Recent studies suggest that the cortisol level influences the expression of the hPER1 clock gene which is involved in the generation of biological rhythms. This study aimed t...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.exger.2012.04.009
更新日期:2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chronic low-grade elevations in circulating levels of interleukin (IL)-6 act as a marker of subclinical cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and provide an independent predictor of increased mortality in elderly populations. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the IL-6 -174G>C promoter polymorphi...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.exger.2003.10.012
更新日期:2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The adult blowfly, Phormia regina, reveals a substantial homeostatic capability when examined for its ability to regulate externally administered additions to its blood sugar. As well, results of experiments done at intervals throughout the entire adult life of the fly show that there is no decrease over time in the e...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0531-5565(86)90058-6
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Hyaline articular cartilage, which protects the bones of diarthrodial joints from forces associated with load bearing, frictions, and impacts has very limited capacities for self-repair. Over the years, the trend of treatments has shifted to regenerations and researchers have been on the quest for a lasting ...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.exger.2018.01.020
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Women who seek medical care around the time of menopause frequently report changes in one or more aspects of psychological functioning. The etiology of these symptoms is likely multifactorial and, undoubtedly, individual and sociocultural factors are important determinants. The known psychotropic properties of the sex...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0531-5565(94)90021-3
更新日期:1994-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To investigate whether the implementation of a multifactorial falls intervention in nursing homes is cost-beneficial and alleviates the professional workload. DESIGN:A comprehensive quantitative model was developed to calculate the impact of investments in multifactorial falls prevention in nursing homes in...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.exger.2020.111173
更新日期:2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Life table aging rate (LAR) is defined as the age-specific rate of mortality change with age and corresponds to the first derivative or slope of the mortality schedule at each age. We computed the sex-specific LARs for 167 Medfly cohorts, containing a total of approximately 600,000 individuals of each sex. We found th...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0531-5565(94)00041-z
更新日期:1995-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Diseases of the elderly, including neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disorders and cancer, may develop through the accumulation of "hits" composed of genetic and epigenetic risk factors. The "iceberg" buildup of these hits over time may exceed the tolerance threshold of a particular tissue, thus precipitating disea...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0531-5565(96)00156-8
更新日期:1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUNDS:Elucidating the causal effects of common intermediate risk factors on the onset of age-related diseases is indispensable for developing prevention and intervention procedures. METHODS:We conducted two-stage time-to-event Mendelian randomization meta-analyses combining five large-scale longitudinal cohorts ...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.exger.2017.09.019
更新日期:2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ascorbic acid decreases from age-group I to II in Kidney, skeletal muscle, and increases in the Pancreas of female. There is no significant change in the Pancreas of male toad. There is an increase in the ascorbic acid content from age group II to III except in the Pancreas of females, where there is a decline of the ...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0531-5565(84)90011-1
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:To explore the impact of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) on the recovery of older persons with diabetes mellitus (DM) after hip-fracture surgery. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS:Secondary data for this study came from a clinical trial on the effectiveness of a DM-specific care model for 176 ol...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.exger.2019.02.004
更新日期:2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Accumulating evidence from diverse experiments, including heterochronic parabiosis-the surgical joining of two animals of different ages-has highlighted the importance of systemic factors in the progressive functional decline of various organs and tissues during aging. The major metabolic pathway of tryptophan, an ess...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.exger.2019.110793
更新日期:2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cardiovascular function during sleep was studied in 14 (6 males, 8 females) healthy, active, older adults (57-70) years). Noninvasive measures of stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), pre-ejection period (PEP), and left ventricular ejection time (LVET) were taken using impedance cardiography and co...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0531-5565(87)90031-3
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The slow and continuous loss of muscle mass that progresses with aging is defined as "sarcopenia". Sarcopenia represents an important public health problem, being closely linked to a condition of frailty and, therefore, of disability. According to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People, the diagnosis...
journal_title:Experimental gerontology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.exger.2016.09.007
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00