Abstract:
:We describe here a new view of primary visual cortex (V1) based on measurements of neural responses in V1 to patterns called 'illusory contours' (Fig. 1a, b). Detection of an object's boundary contours is a fundamental visual task. Boundary contours are defined by discontinuities not only in luminance and colour, but also in texture, disparity and motion. Two theoretical approaches can account for illusory contour perception. The cognitive approach emphasizes top-down processes. An alternative emphasizes bottom-up processing. This latter view is supported by (1) stimulus constraints for illusory contour perception and (2) the discovery by von der Heydt and Peterhans of neurons in extrastriate visual area V2 (but not in V1) of macaque monkeys that respond to illusory contours. Using stimuli different from those used previously, we found illusory contour responses in about half the neurons studied in V1 of macaque monkeys. Therefore, there are neurons as early as V1 with the computational power to detect illusory contours and to help distinguish figure from ground.
journal_name
Naturejournal_title
Natureauthors
Grosof DH,Shapley RM,Hawken MJdoi
10.1038/365550a0subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1993-10-07 00:00:00pages
550-2issue
6446eissn
0028-0836issn
1476-4687journal_volume
365pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
NATURE文献大全abstract::Enhancers increase the frequency of transcription initiation from linked promoter elements, most probably as a result of the binding of specific proteins to the enhancer. The polyomavirus early region is expressed in differentiated mouse cells but not in undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells. This host range...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/328087a0
更新日期:1987-07-02 00:00:00
abstract::A T-cell-mediated immune response is initiated by the T-cell receptor (TCR) interacting with peptide-bound major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) on an infected cell. The mechanism by which this interaction triggers intracellular phosphorylation of the TCR, which lacks a kinase domain, remains poorly understood. Here...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature11220
更新日期:2012-07-05 00:00:00
abstract::Recognition and removal of apoptotic cells by professional phagocytes, including dendritic cells and macrophages, preserves immune self-tolerance and prevents chronic inflammation and autoimmune pathologies. The diverse array of phagocytes that reside within different tissues, combined with the necessarily prompt natu...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature20138
更新日期:2016-11-24 00:00:00
abstract::Pinocytosis and membrane ruffling are among the earliest and most dramatic cellular responses to stimulation by growth factors or other mitogens. The small Ras-related G proteins Rho and Rac have a regulatory role in membrane ruffling and activated Rho has been shown to stimulate pinocytosis when microinjected into Xe...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/382177a0
更新日期:1996-07-11 00:00:00
abstract::Mutational activation of BRAF is the most prevalent genetic alteration in human melanoma, with ≥50% of tumours expressing the BRAF(V600E) oncoprotein. Moreover, the marked tumour regression and improved survival of late-stage BRAF-mutated melanoma patients in response to treatment with vemurafenib demonstrates the ess...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature11814
更新日期:2013-02-14 00:00:00
abstract::The direct functionalization of unactivated sp(3) C-H bonds is still one of the most challenging problems facing synthetic organic chemists. The appeal of such transformations derives from their capacity to facilitate the construction of complex organic molecules via the coupling of simple and otherwise inert building...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature14255
更新日期:2015-03-05 00:00:00
abstract::Xenoturbellida and Acoelomorpha are marine worms with contentious ancestry. Both were originally associated with the flatworms (Platyhelminthes), but molecular data have revised their phylogenetic positions, generally linking Xenoturbellida to the deuterostomes and positioning the Acoelomorpha as the most basally bran...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature09676
更新日期:2011-02-10 00:00:00
abstract::The mariner transposable element is a small member of the short inverted terminal repeat class thought to transpose through a DNA intermediate. Originally described in Drosophila mauritiana, it is now known in several species of the family Drosophilidae, and in a moth Hyalophora cecropia. Here I use primers designed t...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/362241a0
更新日期:1993-03-18 00:00:00
abstract::Achieving site selectivity in carbon-hydrogen (C-H) functionalization reactions is a long-standing challenge in organic chemistry. The small differences in intrinsic reactivity of C-H bonds in any given organic molecule can lead to the activation of undesired C-H bonds by a non-selective catalyst. One solution to this...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature12963
更新日期:2014-03-13 00:00:00
abstract::The macronutrient phosphorus is thought to limit primary productivity in the oceans on geological timescales. Although there has been a sustained effort to reconstruct the dynamics of the phosphorus cycle over the past 3.5 billion years, it remains uncertain whether phosphorus limitation persisted throughout Earth's h...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature20772
更新日期:2017-01-19 00:00:00
abstract::Nicotine obtained from tobacco can improve learning and memory on various tasks and has been linked to arousal, attention, rapid information processing, working memory, and long-term memories that can cause craving years after someone has stopped smoking. One likely target for these effects is the hippocampus, a centr...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/383713a0
更新日期:1996-10-24 00:00:00
abstract::This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/nature24295. ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章,已发布勘误
doi:10.1038/nature25017
更新日期:2018-01-25 00:00:00
abstract::For many pathogens the availability of genome sequence, permitting genome-dependent methods of research, can partially substitute for powerful forward genetic methods (genome-independent) that have advanced model organism research for decades. In 2002 the genome sequence of Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite causing ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1038/nature07361
更新日期:2008-10-09 00:00:00
abstract::Understanding ice sheet behaviour in the geological past is essential for evaluating the role of the cryosphere in the climate system and for projecting rates and magnitudes of sea level rise in future warming scenarios1-4. Although both geological data5-7 and ice sheet models3,8 indicate that marine-based sectors of ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0501-8
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Immunoprecipitation and tryptic peptide analysis of newly synthesized proteins from rat islets have identified an 18,000 molecular weight (MW) protein as proglucagon. Conversion of this precursor was kinetically similar to the conversion of proinsulin and resulted in the formation of both pancreatic glucagon and a 10,...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/282260a0
更新日期:1979-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::In eukaryotes, accurate chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis maintains genome stability and prevents aneuploidy. Kinetochores are large protein complexes that, by assembling onto specialized Cenp-A nucleosomes1,2, function to connect centromeric chromatin to microtubules of the mitotic spindle3,4. Whereas the...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1609-1
更新日期:2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nanoscale electronic devices made from carbon nanotubes, such as transistors and sensors, are much smaller and more versatile than those that rely on conventional microelectronic chips, but their development for mass production has been thwarted by difficulties in aligning and integrating the millions of nanotubes req...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/425036a
更新日期:2003-09-04 00:00:00
abstract::Medulloblastoma, the most common malignant paediatric brain tumour, arises in the cerebellum and disseminates through the cerebrospinal fluid in the leptomeningeal space to coat the brain and spinal cord. Dissemination, a marker of poor prognosis, is found in up to 40% of children at diagnosis and in most children at ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature10825
更新日期:2012-02-15 00:00:00
abstract::Finite element analysis (FEA) is used by industrial designers and biomechanicists to estimate the performance of engineered structures or human skeletal and soft tissues subjected to varying regimes of stress and strain. FEA is rarely applied to problems of biomechanical design in animals, despite its potential to inf...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/35059070
更新日期:2001-02-22 00:00:00
abstract::High-harmonic generation by focusing a femtosecond laser onto a gas is a well-known method of producing coherent extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) light. This nonlinear conversion process requires high pulse intensities, greater than 10(13) W cm(-2), which are not directly attainable using only the output power of a femtoseco...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature07012
更新日期:2008-06-05 00:00:00
abstract::Mammalian telomeres repress DNA-damage activation at natural chromosome ends by recruiting specific inhibitors of the DNA-damage machinery that form a protective complex termed shelterin. Within this complex, TRF2 (also known as TERF2) has a crucial role in end protection through the suppression of ATM activation and ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature11873
更新日期:2013-02-28 00:00:00
abstract::Midbrain dopamine neurons are activated by reward or sensory stimuli predicting reward. These excitatory responses increase as the reward value increases. This response property has led to a hypothesis that dopamine neurons encode value-related signals and are inhibited by aversive events. Here we show that this is tr...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature08028
更新日期:2009-06-11 00:00:00
abstract::Osteocalcin is the most abundant noncollagenous protein in bone, and its concentration in serum is closely linked to bone metabolism and serves as a biological marker for the clinical assessment of bone disease. Although its precise mechanism of action is unclear, osteocalcin influences bone mineralization, in part th...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature02079
更新日期:2003-10-30 00:00:00
abstract::Electromagnetically induced transparency is a quantum interference effect that permits the propagation of light through an otherwise opaque atomic medium; a 'coupling' laser is used to create the interference necessary to allow the transmission of resonant pulses from a 'probe' laser. This technique has been used to s...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/35054017
更新日期:2001-01-25 00:00:00
abstract::Comparative mapping, which compares the location of homologous genes in different species, is a powerful tool for studying genome evolution. Comparative maps suggest that rates of chromosomal change in mammals can vary from one to ten rearrangements per million years. On the basis of these rates we would expect 84 to ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/46555
更新日期:1999-11-25 00:00:00
abstract::Monocular lid suture during the sensitive period early in the life of a kitten disrupts normal development of inputs from the two eyes to the visual cortex, causing a decrease in the fraction of cortical cells responding to the deprived eye. Such an ocular dominance shift has been assumed to depend on patterned visual...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/324154a0
更新日期:1986-11-13 00:00:00
abstract::Germ cells must develop along distinct male or female paths to produce the sperm or eggs required for sexual reproduction. In both mouse and Drosophila, the sexual identity of germ cells is influenced by the sex of the surrounding somatic tissue (for example, refs 1, 2, reviewed in refs 3, 4); however, little is known...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature03849
更新日期:2005-07-28 00:00:00
abstract::Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) has a variety of effects on different cell types in vitro, inhibiting the differentiation of embryonic stem cells and promoting the survival and/or proliferation of primitive haematopoietic precursors and primordial germ cells. Here we show that LIF-deficient mice derived by gene targ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/363361a0
更新日期:1993-05-27 00:00:00
abstract::Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, expel toxic chemicals through tripartite efflux pumps that span both the inner and outer membrane. The three parts are an inner membrane, substrate-binding transporter; a membrane fusion protein; and an outer-membrane-anchored channel. The fusion protein connects the t...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature09743
更新日期:2011-02-24 00:00:00
abstract::Volcanic eruptions contribute to climate variability, but quantifying these contributions has been limited by inconsistencies in the timing of atmospheric volcanic aerosol loading determined from ice cores and subsequent cooling from climate proxies such as tree rings. Here we resolve these inconsistencies and show th...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature14565
更新日期:2015-07-30 00:00:00