Abstract：
:One task faced by public health surveillance practitioners is the timely identification of data patterns that might suggest the onset of an epidemic period. Many available techniques for analysis of surveillance data are based on sequential procedures, which predict expected numbers of cases and compare this estimate with observed values. To detect changes in the reported occurrence of a disease (increase, decrease, or change in trend), we used exponential smoothing and transformation of the difference between the observed and estimated data to calculate a function called the probability index. We illustrate this procedure using weekly provisional data for measles cases in the US reported through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The method is potentially useful in public health surveillance to facilitate prompt intervention and prevention efforts, since it can be used at the national and regional levels without the requirement for sophisticated computing.
journal_name
Int J Epidemioljournal_title
International journal of epidemiologyauthors
Nobre FF,Stroup DFdoi
10.1093/ije/23.2.408subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1994-04-01 00:00:00pages
408-18issue
2eissn
0300-5771issn
1464-3685journal_volume
23pub_type
杂志文章abstract：BACKGROUND:This study aims to evaluate the contribution of the reduction in major cardiovascular diseases (CVD), malignant neoplasms (MN), accidents and AIDS mortality to the gains in life expectancy observed during the decade 1985-1994, as well as to calculate and compare the potential gains due to the partial or tota...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/28.5.905
更新日期：1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This report gives the results of a health interview survey using a recall interval of one month, in Rural Cameroon carried out between 5 November 1973 and 7 March 1974 on a random selection of 1886 families with 9362 individuals. The disease prevalence in the study area (a positive illness rate of 27.8 percent for a f...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/6.3.235
更新日期：1977-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Operational research (OR) analysis provides information and systems to support decision making. In health care there are examples of OR being used to support decisions surrounding both the organization of health services and the treatment of individual patients. However, its uptake is currently low in spite of the inc...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/24.supplement_1.s90
更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Studies of diet in relation to disease raise methodological challenges considerably more complicated than in most epidemiological investigations. Diet is not a single exposure, but rather a complex set of many intercorrelated continuous variables. Moreover, these variables are likely to have non-linear relationships w...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/16.2.312
更新日期：1987-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Data from the Seven Countries Study are analysed to examine the relationship between the observed incidence of Coronary Heart Disease in the second 5-year period of follow-up and the major entry risk factors and their changes over the first 5 years. The analysis, using the Multiple Logistic Function model, shows that ...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/10.1.31
更新日期：1981-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An analysis is made of the association between density factors and the profile of cause specific death rates in small areas (Bezirke) of Hannover, Germany, in 1968-69. Evaluation of urban ecological methods and logic is done to determine the plausibility of making meaningful statements about cause specific death risks...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/6.3.203
更新日期：1977-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Many European countries have in recent decades reported growing socioeconomic differentials in mortality. While these trends have usually paralleled high unemployment and increasing income disparities, Sweden had low unemployment and narrowing income differences. This study describes trends, 1961-1990, in to...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/26.4.782
更新日期：1997-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Examinations of 'healthy' men in Helsinki and in rural west and east Finland in 1956 included estimation of total cholesterol and that in the HDL and beta fractions separated by electrophoresis. Vital status to the end of 1980 has been ascertained for all but eight of the 526 men aged 35-61 and for all but two of 261 ...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/13.4.428
更新日期：1984-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Mortality in developing countries has multiple causes. Some of these causes are linked to climatic conditions that differ over the year. Data on season-specific mortality are sparse. METHODS:We analysed longitudinal data from a population of approximately 35,000 individuals in Burkina Faso. During the obser...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyi150
更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To investigate the association between poverty, birthweight, and infant weight gain in Hertfordshire, 1923-1939. DESIGN:Cohort study based on the Hertfordshire Health Visitors' Register (HHVR). SETTING:The population of Hertfordshire, and a sub-sample of five Hertfordshire towns-Hoddesdon, Berkhampstead, He...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyh226
更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：AIM AND METHODS:To discuss evidence for and against genetic 'causes' of type 2 diabetes, illustrated by standardized study of glucose intolerance and high blood pressure in four representative African origin populations. Comparison of two genetically closer sites: rural (site 1) and urban Cameroon (2); then Jamaica (3)...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/30.1.111
更新日期：2001-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Recent communications have argued that often it may not be appropriate to analyse cross-sectional studies of prevalent outcomes with logistic regression models. The purpose of this communication is to compare three methods that have been proposed for application to cross sectional studies: (1) a multiplicati...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/27.1.91
更新日期：1998-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study gives results for comparisons between dietary history interviews repeated at short-term (4-8 months) and long-term (4-7 years) intervals in conjunction with the Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey. Interviews surveying the whole range of consumable foods over the preceding year were completed in...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1093/ije/22.3.520
更新日期：1993-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Predictions of primary liver cancer (PLC) incidence rates and case numbers are critical to understand and plan for PLC disease burden. METHODS:Data on PLC incidence rates and case numbers from 1990 to 2017 were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease database. The estimated average percentage change (EA...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyaa196
更新日期：2020-12-08 00:00:00
abstract：:Mortality rates for cancers of 13 sites in 34 countries were analysed using two data reduction techniques, factor and cluster analysis. Factor analysis identified two independent underlying factors which appear to influence cancer mortality patterns. The first factor, which appears to be related to affluence, may repr...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/16.4.501
更新日期：1987-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：Background:Most existing research on the association of parental education with childhood undernutrition focuses on maternal education and often ignores paternal education. We systematically investigate differences in maternal and paternal education and their association with childhood undernutrition. Methods:One hund...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyw133
更新日期：2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There are few epidemiological data in the scientific literature about the carpal tunnel syndrome. This paper describes the characteristics of the 154 women referred to hospital for management of this condition among the 17,032 taking part in the Oxford-Family Planning Association contraceptive study. Standardized firs...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/19.3.655
更新日期：1990-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mortality and cancer incidence were analysed in follow-up of a cohort of 3327 Vietnamese refugees who came to Britain after the end of the Vietnam war. Overall mortality of the refugees was very low compared to expectations based on England and Wales national rates: the all-cause standardized mortality ratio for males...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/20.1.13
更新日期：1991-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Data on T4 and TSH values derived from a voluntary screening programme of thyroid function in Belgium are presented. Significant differences in T4 values according to sex, maturity and birthplace are shown. ...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/7.3.249
更新日期：1978-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A study was made in five rural districts of Kwara State, Nigeria to assess the possible use of 'leopard skin' (Ls) as a rapid diagnostic technique for estimating the endemicity of African onchocerciasis. The findings revealed that there is a positive association between the percentage of subjects with skin microfilari...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/16.4.590
更新日期：1987-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this paper dot maps are used as an epidemiological tool to describe the spatial patterns of cases, non-cases and some relevant risk factors associated with the occurrence of Schistosoma mansoni infection in an urban environment. The study was carried out in Santo Antonio de Jesus, a town in north-east Brazil with a...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/22.4.731
更新日期：1993-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rapid changes in national rates, with little evidence of cohort effects, must substantially reflect changes in incidence rates due to socioeconomic and behavioral influences, operating with a rather short incubation period. Every newly-rich society usually experiences its epidemic of coronary heart disease. Rate chang...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Since 1997, an unexpected 2-5-fold increase in the incidence of pertussis has been reported in Poland in comparison with the previous 10 years, although the introduction of the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccination in 1960 reduced the incidence of pertussis approximately 100-fold in the 1980s. The a...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyh012
更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent criticism of epidemiologic methods has focused on the limitations of 'black box' epidemiology, a pejorative label given to the simple identification of exposure-disease relationships. The assessment of mediation is an important tool for addressing this criticism. By using mediation analysis to open the black bo...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyn372
更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The risk of cancer was evaluated among 77,952 asthma patients with bronchial asthma. The series was obtained through linkage of two registers: the Finnish Social Insurance Institution's file of asthma patients and the Finnish Cancer Registry. There was a significant excess risk of lung cancer in both sexes, the standa...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/22.6.976
更新日期：1993-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To study the associations of lifestyle factors with waist circumference 'Action Levels', hip circumference and body mass index. DESIGN:Cross-sectional study in a random sample of 5887 men and 7018 women aged 20-59 years, selected from the civil registries of Amsterdam, Maastricht and Doetinchem, The Netherla...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/27.3.422
更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:In 2009, there were 8273 local screening laboratories, 254 confirmatory laboratories, 35 provincial confirmatory central laboratories and 1 National AIDS Reference Laboratory (NARL) in China. These laboratories were located in Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) facilities, hospitals, blood donat...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyq224
更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:In the past, upward shifts of the so-called Preston curve, which relates life expectancy to national income, have contributed importantly to worldwide increases in life expectancy. These shifts were due to rapid diffusion of knowledge and technology for infectious disease control from high-income to low-inco...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyt122
更新日期：2013-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The substantial disease burden attributed to heat waves, and their increasing frequency and intensity due to climate change, highlight the importance of understanding the health consequences of heat waves. We explore the mortality risk due to heat wave characteristics, including the timing in the seasons, th...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyaa104
更新日期：2021-01-23 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Not every leprosy patient is equally effective in transmitting Mycobacterium leprae. We studied the spatial distribution of infection (using seropositivity as a marker) in the population to identify which disease characteristics of leprosy patients are important in transmission. METHODS:Clinical data and bl...
journal_title：International journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/ije/dyh266
更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00
