Abstract:
BACKGROUND:In 2009, there were 8273 local screening laboratories, 254 confirmatory laboratories, 35 provincial confirmatory central laboratories and 1 National AIDS Reference Laboratory (NARL) in China. These laboratories were located in Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) facilities, hospitals, blood donation clinics, maternal and child health (MCH) hospitals and border health quarantine health-care facilities. METHODS:The NARL and provincial laboratories provide quality assurance through technical, bio-safety and managerial training; periodic proficiency testing; on-site supervisory inspections; and commercial serologic kit evaluations. RESULTS:From 2002 to 2009, more than 220 million HIV antibody tests were performed at screening laboratories, and all reactive and indeterminate samples were confirmed at confirmatory laboratories. The use of highly technically complex tests, including CD4 cell enumeration, viral load, dried blood spot (DBS)-based early infant diagnosis (EID), drug resistance (DR) genotyping, HIV-1 subtyping and incidence assays, have increased in recent years and their performance quality is closely monitored. CONCLUSION:China has made significant progress in establishing a well-coordinated HIV laboratory network and QA systems. However, the coverage and intensity of HIV testing and quality assurance programmes need to be strengthened so as to ensure that more infected persons are diagnosed and that they receive timely prevention and treatment services.
journal_name
Int J Epidemioljournal_title
International journal of epidemiologyauthors
Jiang Y,Qiu M,Zhang G,Xing W,Xiao Y,Pan P,Yao J,Ou CY,Su Xdoi
10.1093/ije/dyq224subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2010-12-01 00:00:00pages
ii72-8eissn
0300-5771issn
1464-3685pii
dyq224journal_volume
39 Suppl 2pub_type
杂志文章abstract:BACKGROUND:Animal models suggest that compounds containing a nitrosyl group (N-nitroso compounds (NNO)) can act as potent transplacental carcinogens. Many common drug formulations have the potential to undergo nitrosation in vivo. The association between maternal use of nitrosatable drugs during pregnancy and developme...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/24.2.308
更新日期:1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:We evaluated the reproducibility and relative validity of a 190-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to be used in a large prospective study in the Athens area of Greece. METHODS:In all, 42 men and 38 women, aged 25-67 years, completed two self-administered semi-quantitative FFQ spaced ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/26.suppl_1.s118
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The role of rotavirus in non-bacterial gastroenteritis in Kuwait was investigated. Employing electronmicroscopy (EM) and enzyme-linked-immuno-sorbent-assay (ELISA) techniques, the virus was detected in the stools of 42 of 274 (15.3%) infants with the disease. A statistically significant association (P less than 0.05) ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/9.4.355
更新日期:1980-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Operational research (OR) analysis provides information and systems to support decision making. In health care there are examples of OR being used to support decisions surrounding both the organization of health services and the treatment of individual patients. However, its uptake is currently low in spite of the inc...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/24.supplement_1.s90
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The clustering of xerophthalmia in villages and in households was assessed among preschool children surveyed in the Lower Shire Valley, Malawi, and in Aceh province, Indonesia. Trachoma clustering was similarly assessed among the same children in Malawi. Trachoma clustered much more than xerophthalmia among villages a...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/17.4.865
更新日期:1988-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Although smoking and HPV infection are recognized as important risk factors for oropharyngeal cancer, how their joint exposure impacts on oropharyngeal cancer risk is unclear. Specifically, whether smoking confers any additional risk to HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer is not understood. METHODS:Using HPV ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1093/ije/dyw069
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The aims of this study were to examine the prevalence of drug use, and how morbidity, use of health services, self-evaluated health, demographic pattern and lifestyle characteristics influence drug use in a general population. METHODS:The study was carried out in the municipality of Tromsø, Norway. A sample...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/23.6.1262
更新日期:1994-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although the influence of paternal smoking on birth defects is of great public interest, epidemiological evidence concerning this potential relationship is extremely limited. A stratified random sample of 29 hospitals in the Shanghai Municipality, China, was used to select 1012 birth defects cases and controls. Mother...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/21.2.273
更新日期:1992-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Childhood mortality is a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. For the implementation of efficient public health systems, knowledge of the spatial distribution of mortality is required. METHODS:Data from a demographic surveillance research project were analysed which comprised information obtai...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/30.3.485
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Undernutrition is associated with an increased risk of death among young children in developing countries. Infant and child nutritional status and mortality were monitored in a rural area of Casamance, Senegal. METHODS:Analysis of weight measurements taken at 3-24 months of age during routine growth monitor...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyh174
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Predictions of primary liver cancer (PLC) incidence rates and case numbers are critical to understand and plan for PLC disease burden. METHODS:Data on PLC incidence rates and case numbers from 1990 to 2017 were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease database. The estimated average percentage change (EA...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa196
更新日期:2020-12-08 00:00:00
abstract::Interest has recently emerged about the increasing trend of pancreatic cancer mortality in Taiwan, particularly in the elderly. The mortality data of pancreatic cancer over the period 1971-1986 for males and females aged 40-84 in Taiwan were analysed using a log-linear Poisson model to examine the effects of age, cale...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/19.4.839
更新日期:1990-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::We examine the resource implications of two potential health services aimed at preventing congenital toxoplasmosis: a screening service involving serological surveillance for toxoplasma infection in pregnant women and its prophylactic treatment; and a health education campaign to help pregnant women avoid acquiring to...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/13.1.65
更新日期:1984-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article investigates the interrelationship of socioeconemic status, anthropometric status and mortality of young children in rural Bangladesh. Data for this study come from Matlab, the vital registration area of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, where anthropometric and socioec...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/23.6.1179
更新日期:1994-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In the absence of planned efforts to target the poor, child survival programs often favour the rich. Further evidence is needed urgently about which interventions and programme approaches are most effective in addressing inequities. The Lives Saved Tool (LiST) is available and can be used to model mortality ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyq034
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:Background:Maternal short stature has been observed to increase the risk of preterm birth; however, the aetiology behind this phenomenon is unknown. We investigated whether preeclampsia, an obstetric complication that often leads to preterm delivery and is reported to have an inverse association with women's height, me...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1093/ije/dyx107
更新日期:2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Students in their second year of medical studies perceived nutritional deficiency as a possible health problem in rural Nigeria and conducted a survey to investigate and compare the nutritional and health status of three distinct groups of children (Bokos in Babana, Bokos in Marami, Fulani). The nutritional status of ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/9.4.375
更新日期:1980-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Epidemiology's role as the 'diagnostic' arm of public health has submitted epidemiological reasoning and practice to the crossfire of oppositional social values and demands. In Latin America, the visible signs of extreme social and political authoritarianism and inequity, as well as the growing unfairness of...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyn135
更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In recent years a strong case has been made in support of a viral aetiology for at least some primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC) in areas of low incidence. By pooling routinely collected cancer registration and infection data, study of the relationship between hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and the incidence of...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/20.1.60
更新日期:1991-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Increasing life expectancy has brought public health concern about the increase in prevalence of disability in old age. Reducing the prevalence of disability in older age requires the identification of preventable or modifiable risk factors earlier in life. We have examined the relationship between lifestyle...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:We examined the effect of a large reduction in the price of alcohol that occurred in Finland in 2004 on alcohol-related and all-cause mortality, and mortality due to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) from which alcohol-attributable cases were excluded. METHODS:Time series intervention analysis modelling was ap...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyp336
更新日期:2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In this paper we investigated whether the capture-recapture method is useful for a cancer registry to monitor its completeness of case ascertainment on a routine basis. METHODS:The capture-recapture method was used to estimate the completeness of case ascertainment in three regional cancer registries in the...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/23.6.1111
更新日期:1994-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:To describe the seroepidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in a population of Egyptian children under 3 years. METHODS:A cohort of children under 36 months, residing in Abu Homos, Egypt, were visited at home twice weekly. Information regarding the child's breastfeeding status was obtained, and period...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/29.5.928
更新日期:2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::In view of the many changes in the approach to the detection and management of hypertension that have occurred, the paucity of current data on this subject in Israel limits the possibilities of making international comparisons or evaluating trends. This study contributes recent information on the occupationally-active...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/21.4.676
更新日期:1992-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:Background:Ovarian cancer incidence differs substantially by race/ethnicity, but the reasons for this are not well understood. Data were pooled from the African American Cancer Epidemiology Study (AACES) and 11 case-control studies in the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (OCAC) to examine racial/ethnic differences...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyx252
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The reproducibility and validity of self-administered questionnaires on physical activity and inactivity were examined in a random (representative) sample of the Nurses' Health Study II cohort and a random sample of African-American women in that cohort. METHODS:Repeat questionnaires were administered 2 yea...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/23.5.991
更新日期:1994-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aboriginal communities have a high prevalence of upper and lower respiratory tract disease. One thousand two hundred and eighty seven West Australian Aborigines and 265 non-Aborigines were examined. Twenty nine per cent of Aborigines had lower respiratory tract abnormalities. Amongst 635 Aboriginal children less than ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/12.1.105
更新日期:1983-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Studies of diet in relation to disease raise methodological challenges considerably more complicated than in most epidemiological investigations. Diet is not a single exposure, but rather a complex set of many intercorrelated continuous variables. Moreover, these variables are likely to have non-linear relationships w...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/16.2.312
更新日期:1987-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::This cohort profile describes the origins, tracing, recruitment, testing and follow-up of the University of Edinburgh-based Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1921 (LBC1921; N = 550) and 1936 (LBC1936; N = 1091). The participants undertook a general intelligence test at age 11 years and were recruited for these cohorts at mean ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyr197
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microscopic examination of multiple faeces samples of 2 825 persons was carried out in the Metropolitan Lagos. Overall prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica was 11.2%. Prevalence increased rapidly in younger age groups and there were no real differences between males and females. Prevalence was high among families who a...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/8.1.55
更新日期:1979-03-01 00:00:00