Abstract：
:Metabolism of glutamate and glutamine in cultured mouse cerebral cortical astrocytes has been investigated using either radioactively labelled (14C) amino acids or 13C-labelled amino acids combined with NMR spectroscopy of cell extracts and lyophilyzed incubation media. Using [U-13C]glutamate it has been shown that in astrocytes exogenously supplied glutamate is primarily (70%) metabolized oxidatively through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and to a lesser extent (30%) directly to glutamine. Glutamate metabolized in the TCA cycle is to a large extent recovered as lactate showing that the astrocyte-specific enzyme, malic enzyme is functionally active. Incubation with [U-14C]glutamine led to a higher specific radioactivity in glutamate than in glutamine. It could also be shown that glutamate and glutamine were metabolized differently to aspartate and alanine. These results taken together strongly suggest that glutamate/glutamine metabolism in astrocytes is compartmentalized and a model with multiple cytoplasmic and mitochondrial compartments of these amino acids is proposed.
journal_name
Dev Neuroscijournal_title
Developmental neuroscienceauthors
Schousboe A,Westergaard N,Sonnewald U,Petersen SB,Huang R,Peng L,Hertz Ldoi
10.1159/000111356subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1993-01-01 00:00:00pages
359-66issue
3-5eissn
0378-5866issn
1421-9859journal_volume
15pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The cell line MN9D, a fusion of embryonic ventral mesencephalic and neuroblastoma cells, is extensively used as a model of dopamine (DA) neurons because it expresses tyrosine hydroxylase and synthesizes and releases DA. These cells are also used to test mechanisms and potential therapeutics relevant to the loss of DA ...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1159/000095115
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although cortical malformations (CMs) are often associated with epilepsy, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. The reeler mouse is a model of CM with enhanced susceptibility to epileptiform activity, including the in vitro dentate gyrus, a region normally resistant to seizures. In this study, field potential recordi...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1159/000096212
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Perinatal asphyxia is a leading cause of brain injury in neonates, occurring in 2-4 per 1,000 live births, and there are limited treatment options. Because of their similarity to humans, nonhuman primates are ideal for performing preclinical tests of safety and efficacy for neurotherapeutic interventions. We previousl...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1159/000327246
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The proximodistal axonal transport of choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) has been studied in the chick sciatic nerve in the absence of any experimental manipulation. The phenomenon utilized by us is a physiological transient fall in the activity of ChAc. This fall occurs in most areas of the chick central nervous system...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1159/000112484
更新日期：1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Fragments of corpus callosum from P13 normal and jimpy (jp) mutant mice (containing only postmigrating precursors and differentiated oligodendrocytes (ODCs, some of them myelinating soon) have been transplanted into the thalamus of newborn shiverer (shi) mutant mice. The behaviour of transplanted ODCs has been assayed...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1159/000111654
更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:α-Synuclein is one of the most abundant proteins in presynaptic terminals. Normal expression of α-synuclein is essential for neuronal survival and it prevents the initiation of apoptosis in neurons through covalent cross-linking of cytochrome c released from mitochondria. Exocytosis of α-synuclein occurs with neuronal...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1159/000321342
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The neonatal brain appears to be selectively vulnerable to oxidative stress. Several potential mechanisms associated with altered reactive oxygen species metabolism would explain the increased susceptibility. They include increased accumulation of hydrogen peroxide with subsequent neurotoxicity. This enhanced neurotox...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1159/000046143
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:L-Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate-limiting enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis and thus a unique marker of the proliferation and maturation processes, has been localized by means of immunohistochemistry in the human central nervous system. The enzyme protein has not only been found in the developing nervous syste...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1159/000111320
更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the biosynthetic enzyme for acetylcholine metabolism, is expressed in a human cholinergic neuroblastoma cell line; MC-IXC. We demonstrate that ChAT activity is regulated in this cell line by cell density. It is believed that the mechanism of stimulation of enzyme activity involves cel...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1159/000111975
更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Several studies have shown that exogenous gangliosides can stimulate neurite outgrowth (in vitro), accelerate peripheral nerve regeneration (in vivo) and facilitate CNS recovery after lesioning. Experiments were designed to assess the effects of ganglioside administration on neonatal development. Rat neonates received...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1159/000112339
更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Maternal infection during pregnancy increases the risk of neurobehavioral problems in offspring. Evidence from rodent models indicates that the maternal immune response to infection can alter fetal brain development, particularly in the hippocampus. However, information on the effects of maternal viral infection on fe...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1159/000486850
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The developing retina is characterized by 'retinal waves', spontaneous depolarizations that propagate through a developing network of interneurons and retinal ganglion cells. Although the circuitry underlying retinal waves is well characterized, the secreted factors that are critical for its normal development are not...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1159/000082283
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Apoptosis is a controlled form of cell death that participates in the demise of neuronal cells during development, neurodegenerative disorders and exposure to neurotoxic agents. In recent years, the mitochondria have emerged as being pivotal in controlling apoptosis. They house a number of apoptogenic molecules that a...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1159/000017460
更新日期：2000-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cell polarity is one of the most basic properties of all normal cells and loss of polarity is a hallmark of cancer. While multiple proteins have been implicated in the maintenance of cell polarity, the functionally related neoplastic tumor suppressors Lethal giant larvae (Lgl), Scribble and Disks large comprise a uniq...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1159/000090749
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Steroid hormones have profound effects on vertebrate behaviors. Yet, in most cases we can neither identify the neurons responsible for particular behaviors nor how steroids alter their excitability. Electric fish emit sexually dimorphic electric organ discharges (EODs) the waveform of which may be altered by steroid t...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1159/000111399
更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We have previously reported that a developmental axon-sparing striatal injury induced by hypoxia-ischemia results in a diminished adult number of substantia nigra (SN) tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons, in the absence of direct nigral injury. To examine the specific role of striatal injury, we made selective ...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1159/000111684
更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neurotransmitters play important roles in neurogenesis; in particular, acetylcholine and serotonin may regulate neurite elongation. Acetylcholine may also activate transcription factors such as early growth response protein 1 (EGR-1), which plays a role in neurite extension. N18TG2 neuroblastoma cells (which do not pr...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1159/000354423
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We investigated the effects of perinatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) on brain injury and neurological functional outcome at postnatal day (P)30 through P90. HI was induced by exposing P9 mice to 8% O(2) for 55 min using the Vannucci HI model. Following HI, mice were treated with either vehicle control or Na(+)/H(+) exchange...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1159/000328430
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Disorders primarily affecting the nervous system comprise approximately one third of all established Mendelian genetic diseases in man. Recombinant DNA technology provides new approaches to the diagnosis and elucidation of the molecular pathology of these disorders. For a small but increasing number of disorders the D...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1159/000112346
更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A total of 216 male and female albino Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) between 10 and 60 days old from 42 litters were studied to determine mast cell characteristics within the thalamus. Whereas the mean numbers of mast cells within both the parenchyma and leptomeninges (combined) did not change appreciably after 15 da...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1159/000112759
更新日期：1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The L-type calcium channel activator +/-Bay K 8644 has recently been shown to provoke self-injurious biting in young mice. Since the serotonergic systems have been implicated in the expression of self-injurious behavior in both humans and animals, the present studies tested whether drugs influencing serotonin systems ...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1159/000066747
更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by intellectual disability, sensory hypersensitivity, and high incidences of autism spectrum disorders and epilepsy. These phenotypes are suggestive of defects in neural circuit development and imbalances in excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1159/000329420
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The incidence of stroke in children is 2.4 per 100,000 person-years and results in long-term motor and cognitive disability. In ischemic stroke, white matter (WM) is frequently injured, but is relatively understudied compared to grey matter injury. Previous research suggests that the cellular response to WM ischemic i...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1159/000496200
更新日期：2019-03-12 00:00:00
abstract：:The M50 and M100 auditory evoked responses reflect early auditory processes in the primary/secondary auditory cortex. Although previous M50 and M100 studies have been conducted on individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and indicate disruption of encoding simple sensory information, analogous investigations of...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1159/000504960
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:HIV-1 is able to penetrate the developing human central nervous system and induce damage. Clinical and neuropathological observations demonstrate that (a) the virus is transmitted during the late phase of pregnancy or at the time of delivery; (b) the main infected cells within the brain are macrophages, and (c) the me...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1159/000112100
更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Our previous studies of H218, a sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor and a member of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily, suggest that it may participate in mammalian nervous system development. Thus, brain levels of H218 mRNA are higher during early neurogenesis than postnatally. In addition, embryonic H218 ...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1159/000017452
更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) encephalopathy occurs in 1-4 per 1,000 live term births and can cause devastating neurodevelopmental disabilities. Currently, therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is the only treatment with proven efficacy. Since TH is associated with decreased cerebral metabolism and cerebral blood fl...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1159/000381704
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:When cells from the cerebellum of late-gestation rats were grown at low density (50-100 cells/mm2) in a three-dimensional culture system, they rapidly expressed morphological and electrophysiological properties of neurons. Growth and differentiation of the population of solitary neurons as a whole was statistically as...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1159/000111645
更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), a known chemoattractant, and its receptor CXCR4 are widely expressed in the developing and adult cerebral cortex. Recent studies have highlighted potential roles for SDF-1 during early cortical development. In view of the current findings, our histological analysis has revealed a dist...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1159/000109857
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is a leading cause of neurodevelopmental morbidities in preterm and full-term infants. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction represents an important component of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a vital component of the blood-brain barrier. Matrix metal...
journal_title：Developmental neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1159/000489700
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
