Abstract:
:This conference resulted in a foundation upon which consensus will be built in the future. Further, it provided a forum for the articulation of the critical need for carbohydrates in human nutrition. We have come a long way in the past 25 years in the food and nutrition sciences and this conference well illustrated that point. At the White House Conference on Nutrition in 1969, macronutrients were never even mentioned as being necessary to nutrition; only micronutrients were emphasized. In 1977 the term complex carbohydrate was used without definition in the Dietary Goals for the United States. This conference encapsulated the tremendous strides that have been made concerning the chemical, nutritional, biologic, and physiologic importance of carbohydrates in health and disease. It is fascinating to review the recommendations concerning complex carbohydrate from 1977 on. Recommendations were made by the Senate Select Committee in 1977; the Dietary Guidelines of 1980, 1985, and 1990; the Surgeon General's report of 1979 and 1988; the 10th edition of Recommended Dietary Allowances; the 1989 National Academy of Sciences Diet and Health: Implications for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk; the 1991 FDA proposal for labeling; and the 1992 Food Guide Pyramid. Indeed, as Dr. Joanne Slavin pointed out, "there is a wide range of consensus that increased complex carbohydrate is consistent with good health," and certainly as Dr. Gary Henderson said, "the term complex carbohydrate has equity with consumers." With this level of apparent clarity it is difficult at first to identify a problem for the food label. After all, if consumer health would benefit, why not simply do it? However, a problem does exist in that carbohydrates may be classified chemically in groups that are difficult to analyze and to define as to their physiologic function in the body. Indeed, complex carbohydrates defined by chain length may have molecular structures less complex than those of smaller units and may vary in solubility and digestibility. A continuum does exist in each of the chemical, analytical, and physiologic characteristics of carbohydrates. Scientists do not like a continuum and regulators probably like it even less, but such a continuum holds great promise for future consensus. This continuum provided the thoughtful alternatives presented above by Drs. Jonathan DeVries, Dennis Gordon, and Alison Stephen. Dr. DeVries suggested a scheme of complex carbohydrates, sugars, and sugar alochols, while Dr. Gordon suggested complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and simple carbohydrates, and Dr. Stephen suggested starch, sugar, and nonstarch polysaccharides.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
journal_name
Nutr Revjournal_title
Nutrition reviewsauthors
doi
10.1111/j.1753-4887.1995.tb01549.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1995-07-01 00:00:00pages
186-93issue
7eissn
0029-6643issn
1753-4887journal_volume
53pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::1-Alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and gamma-interferon induce sphingomyelin turnover to ceramide in HL-60 cells. The time frame of the turnover is consistent with ceramide formation being a mediator of growth and differentiation; furthermore, differentiation can be induced by addition of ex...
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1992.tb01273.x
更新日期:1992-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vitamin E per unit serum cholesterol has been found to correlate with memory performance in a recent analysis of data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Because vitamin E is thought to be protective against vascular disease, this finding is consistent with the growing body of evidence tha...
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2000.tb07540.x
更新日期:2000-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:Context:Dairy intake in humans is commonly assessed using questionnaires, but the data collected are often biased. As a result, there is increasing interest in biomarkers of dairy fat. To date, there has been no overview of the fatty acids suitable for use as biomarkers of dairy fat intake. Objective:This systematic r...
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuy048
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this article is to review the definitions and regulations for dietary fiber and whole grains worldwide and to discuss barriers to meeting recommended intake levels. Plant foods, such as whole grains, that are rich in dietary fiber are universally recommended in dietary guidance. Foods rich in dietary fiber ...
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuz061
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::A group of heterocyclic amines that are mutagens and rodent carcinogens form when meat is cooked to medium and well-done states. The precursors of these compounds are natural meat components: creatinine, amino acids, and sugars. Defined model systems of dry-heated precursors mimic the amounts and proportions of hetero...
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2005.tb00133.x
更新日期:2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two recent studies on the effects of single high-fat meals on endothelial function have postulated an additional mechanism by which dietary lipids can impact atherosclerosis. These studies found that dietary lipids decrease the ability of blood vessels to dilate and that this modification of endothelial function was p...
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1998.tb06135.x
更新日期:1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::International nutrition will become increasingly concerned with evaluation of nutritional status at the community level to diagnose situations of risk for nutrient deficits and excesses, and to monitor the impact of remedial interventions. Advances in biologic concepts and technology (particularly miniaturization of a...
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1301/00296640260130876
更新日期:2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Gluten-related disorders (GRDs) are gradually emerging as epidemiologically relevant diseases, with a global prevalence estimated to be approximately 5% in the population. Conditions related to gluten ingestion include celiac disease (CD), wheat allergy (WA), and nonceliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS). Although mediated ...
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/nutrit/nux068
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The role of maternal vitamin A supplements in decreasing the risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission has been examined in sub-Saharan Africa. Overall, there is no reduction in either mortality or HIV transmission in two recent studies. Contrary to expectations, one study reported an increased risk of transmission usi...
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1301/nr.2003.aug.280-284
更新日期:2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Based on the fact that energy content in 1 gram of alcohol is 29 kJ or 7.1 kcal, alcohol consumption can lead to weight gain. The present review was conducted to analyze the effects of alcohol consumption on body weight. A search of the Medline database for the period 1984 to March 2010 was conducted to identify cross...
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00403.x
更新日期:2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The evidence for beneficial effects of exercise training in the prevention and management of insulin resistance is convincing, although the mechanism remains to be fully elucidated. The increase in insulin sensitivity after a bout of exercise appears to be enhanced after training, but disappears within days of inactiv...
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mitochondrial disorders (MDs) are caused by impairment of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). The ETC is needed for oxidative phosphorylation, which provides the cell with the most efficient energy outcome in terms of ATP production. One of the pathogenic mechanisms of MDs is the accumulation of reactive...
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00221.x
更新日期:2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Serotonin reuptake inhibitors, such as fluoxetine, fenfluramine, and dexfenfluramine, are frequently used to treat obesity, depression, and bulimia. A common side effect of these medications is xerostomia, or dry mouth. A case study demonstrating the impact of drug-induced xerostomia on oral health and subsequent nutr...
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1997.tb01562.x
更新日期:1997-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article reviews the environmental impact of genetically modified crops through discussion of environmental risk assessment and includes several case studies. Influence of European regulatory and political issues is considered. ...
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1301/nr.2003.jun.S105-S109
更新日期:2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recently, the high responsiveness of omental adipocytes to positive lipolytic stimuli has been clearly demonstrated in women. We conclude that adipose tissue fatty acid release, storage capacity, and secreted cytokines may all be involved in the etiology of the metabolic syndrome. The anatomical location of visceral a...
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00324.x
更新日期:2007-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Prebiotic and probiotic therapies are new strategies being used to treat gastrointestinal diseases. Recent evidence suggests that the administration of select prebiotics and probiotics, alone or in combination (the latter called "synbiotic" therapy) may improve the clinical outcome of patients with ulcerative colitis....
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2006.tb00196.x
更新日期:2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Olive tree (Olea europaea L.) leaves have been widely used in traditional remedies in European and Mediterranean countries such as Greece, Spain, Italy, France, Turkey, Israel, Morocco, and Tunisia. They have been used in the human diet as an extract, an herbal tea, and a powder, and they contain many potentially bioa...
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00248.x
更新日期:2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The optimal timing of umbilical cord clamping has been debated in the scientific literature for at least the last century, when cord clamping practices shifted from delayed towards immediate clamping. Recent research provides evidence for the beneficial effect of delayed cord clamping on infant iron status. The presen...
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00430.x
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Disagreement about the use of animals in biomedical research has resulted in absurd positions by both sides. Increasingly, some zealots against animal experimentation have resorted to violence or other illegal acts to support their points of view. The value of animal research in providing better health for man and ani...
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00144.x
更新日期:2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Inflammation is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Dietary plant sterols are known to reduce plasma cholesterol levels and thereby reduce cardiovascular risk. Recent observations from animal and human studies have demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects of phytosterols. For example, several animal and hum...
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00399.x
更新日期:2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::To evaluate the relationship between pregnancy weight gain and placental abruption, Missouri's population-based, maternally linked, longitudinal dataset (1989-2005, n = 1,146,935) was assessed. Regardless of baseline body mass index, women who gained less than the optimal amount recommended by the Institute of Medicin...
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/nure.12063
更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intestinal adaptation, in terms of increasing intestinal length and weight, usually occurs rapidly after small-bowel resection. However, this response depends on provision of enteral nutrients. If total parenteral nutrition without enteral feeding is prolonged, hypoplasia of the intestinal mucosa results. Adaptation i...
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1989.tb02837.x
更新日期:1989-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for vitamin C for healthy U.S. populations are currently being formulated by the Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds of the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine. A major task of the Panel is to analyze the evidence of adverse effects of high-dose vitami...
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1999.tb06926.x
更新日期:1999-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:CONTEXT:The impact of dietary protein on body composition changes after older adults purposefully lose weight requires systematic evaluation OBJECTIVE:: This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effects of protein intake (< 25% vs ≥ 25% of energy intake or 1.0 g/kg/d) on energy restriction-induced changes ...
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuv065
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cruciferous vegetables are widely acknowledged to provide chemopreventive benefits in humans, but they are not generally consumed at levels that effect significant change in biomarkers of health. Because consumers have embraced the notion that dietary supplements may prevent disease, this review considers whether an a...
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/nure.12060
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Combining data from two large-scale prospective observational studies in women and men, investigators link the consumption of fruits and vegetables to the risk of ischemic stroke. Of interest is their breakdown of these foods into cruciferous vegetables and citrus fruit juice, which confer the greatest protection. ...
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2001.tb01902.x
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A new study of the possible advantages of each of the eight dipeptides for intravenous nutrition focuses on kinetics of tyrosine and glutamine injected intravenously. Tyrosine and glutamine are two of the three amino acids that are difficult to use directly in the preparation of nutrient solutions due to low solubilit...
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1995.tb01529.x
更新日期:1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two recent studies examined the association between chronic use of warfarin, a vitamin K antagonist, and fracture rate among older women. Whereas one study reported no association, the other reported a significantly higher risk for vertebral and rib fractures among warfarin users compared with nonusers. The effect of ...
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2000.tb01820.x
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fortified blended foods (FBFs) were introduced into the Food for Peace program (also known as US Public Law 480) in the 1960s. Minimal changes have since been made to their formulations. A Food Aid Quality Enhancement Project to assess the nutritional adequacy of FBFs for vulnerable populations was conducted, and the ...
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00288.x
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::It has become increasingly evident in recent years that the gut microbiome and the brain communicate in a bidirectional manner, with each possibly affecting the other's functions. Substantial research has aimed to understand the mechanisms of this interaction and to outline strategies for preventing or treating nervou...
journal_title:Nutrition reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuy009
更新日期:2018-07-01 00:00:00