Abstract:
:The organization of projection neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and in adjacent parts of the raphe nuclei medial to it (the central and rostral linear, and interfascicular nuclei), the mammillary body (the supramammillary region and the tuberomammillary nucleus), and the substantia nigra have been examined in the rat with Kuypers' retrograde double labeling method, and with a combined retrograde labeling (with true blue)-immunohistochemical method for the demonstration of dopaminergic neurons. First, the distribution, within the VTA and adjacent regions, of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic cells that project to terminal fields in the telencephalon (nucleus accumbens, lateral septum, pre- and supragenual fields of the anterior limbic cortex, amygdala, dorsal hippocampus, and entorhinal area), in the diencephalon (lateral habenula), and in the brainstem (locus coeruleus, and parabrachial nucleus) was determined. Then, 15 different combinations of injections of the tracers bisbenzimide and true blue into different terminal fields were made to determine whether individual cells in the region of the VTA send collaterals to more than one site. Taken together, the results indicate that essentially separate groups of cells in the VTA and adjacent regions of the raphe project to each terminal field. In addition, each group can be further divided into dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic components, although the proportion of dopaminergic cells in each group can vary from over 80% (e.g., to the nucleus accumbens) to less than 1% (to the lateral habenula and to the locus coeruleus). In addition, it was found that the supramammillary region, which contains a dense extension of the A10 cell group in its medial part, and the tuberomammillary nucleus, project to, or through, most of the regions injected with retrograde tracers. Virtually all of the projections from the VTA and adjacent regions are partially crossed, the percentage of cells on the uninjected side ranging from over 40% (e.g., for locus coeruleus injections) to only about 2% (e.g., for amygdalar injections). Most of the groups of projection neurons in the region of the VTA are considerably intermixed with the exception of those that project to the lateral septum, to the lateral habenula, and to the hippocampal formation, which are concentrated in ventral and medial parts of the VTA, and in the raphe nuclei medial to the VTA. It was concluded that in the ventral part of the midbrain, essentially separate groups of aminergic and non-aminergic neurons in both the reticular formation (VTA) and in the adjacent nuclei of the raphe project bilaterally to a variety of similar terminal fields in the telencephalon, diencephalon, and brainstem. Further work at the single cell level is needed to determine whether these cell groups are differentially innervated by known inputs to the VTA and adjacent regions, most of which appear to descend through the medial forebrain bundle from sites in the limbic system and hypothalamus.
journal_name
Brain Res Bulljournal_title
Brain research bulletinauthors
Swanson LWdoi
10.1016/0361-9230(82)90145-9subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1982-07-01 00:00:00pages
321-53issue
1-6eissn
0361-9230issn
1873-2747pii
0361-9230(82)90145-9journal_volume
9pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Fetal ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) tissue was transplanted into or around the third ventricle of adult Fischer 344 rats to determine if transplanted VMH tissue could reverse the hyperphagia and obesity produced by bilateral VMH electrolytic lesions. Host VMH-lesioned rats received stereotaxic implants of 13 to 19 p...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(90)90291-7
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The localization and relative number of serotonergic (5HT) cell bodies in the brainstem of the cat were studied through the use of a specific immunocytochemical technique. A surprisingly large number of 5HT cells were found in regions in addition to the classical raphe nuclei (obscurus, pallidus, magnus, centralis sup...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(84)90003-0
更新日期:1984-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Developing nigrostriatal axons and their perikarya have substantial quantities of dopamine (DA) before the axons reach their postsynaptic target. In order to investigate possible developmental effects of these stores of DA, we have depleted DA chronically during critical periods in the ontogeny of the nigrostriatal sy...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(82)90169-1
更新日期:1982-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Using the in vitro hamster hypothalamic slice preparation, the effects of GABA and 80% chloride (Cl-) reduced medium on the single unit activity of SCN neurons was investigated. GABA 10(-4) M produced inhibitory responses in 55% of the 69 SCN neurons examined. No statistically significant day-night difference was obse...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(90)90257-z
更新日期:1990-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Three models of inducing spinal trauma in experimental animals--weight-dropping model, severance-by-knife model, and laceration-type-lesions model--are reviewed critically. Contributions by these models in understanding paraplegia in anatomical and pathological terms are brought out. Important distinctions between sub...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(89)90123-8
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Adaptation of the frog, Rana temporaria, to a white background for 12 hr has resulted in an intense formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF) in the neurons of the preoptic recess organ (PRO), paraventricular organ (PVO), nucleus infundibularis dorsalis (NID) and their basal processes permitting visualization of the PRO...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(82)90184-8
更新日期:1982-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Previous studies have shown that cholinergic grafts derived from the medial septal nucleus are capable of restoring behavioral function in rats with lesions that sever the cholinergic inputs to the hippocampal formation. In this study, we demonstrate that intrahippocampal grafts of cholinergic-rich striatal tissue als...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(92)90020-x
更新日期:1992-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The putative behavioral effects of the enantiomers of BAY K 8644 and the behavioral responses to (+/-)-BAY K 8644 following chronic injection were assessed on motor function in mice. The interaction of the enantiomers of BAY K 8644 with mouse brain dihydropyridine binding sites was also evaluated. The calcium channel ...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(88)90019-6
更新日期:1988-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::In order to study mechanisms by which a neurotropic strain of influenza A virus (A/WSN/33) may affect neuronal function or cause nerve cell death, hippocampal cultures from embryonic rats were infected with this virus. Approximately 70% of the neurons in the infected cultures became immunopositive for viral antigens a...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(01)00536-6
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Various reports have suggested that penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC), a new cholinergic antagonist, exhibits a variety of biological actions such as anti-tumor and cardioprotective effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PHC on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and evaluate whether the c-Jun ...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.01.008
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Transcranial near-infrared stimulation (tNIRS) can penetrate the scalp and skull and can reach the superficial layers of the cerebral cortex. In this study, we evaluated whether an 820-nm tNIRS can modulate the excitability of the primary motor cortex (M1) as measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.12.007
更新日期:2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Gonadal hormones exert a critical influence over the architecture of specific brain areas affecting the formation of neuronal contacts. Cellular mechanisms mediating gonadal hormone actions on synapses have been studied extensively in the rat arcuate nucleus, a hypothalamic center involved in the feed-back regulation ...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(97)00238-4
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A method is described for the isolation and culture of neurons in the adult mammalian brain. The cell could be maintained in primary culture for more than several weeks. Whereas the neurons freshly dissociated from the adult brain did not respond to any of the neurotransmitter substances applied, the neurons regained ...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(91)90058-r
更新日期:1991-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Space motion sickness (SMS) and spatial orientation and motion perception disturbances occur in 70-80% of astronauts. People select "rest frames" to create the subjective sense of spatial orientation. In microgravity, the astronaut's rest frame may be based on visual scene polarity cues and on the internal head and bo...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(98)00096-3
更新日期:1998-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common motor neuron (MN) disease and is clinically characterised by the death of corticospinal motor neurons (CSMNs), spinal and brainstem MNs and the degeneration of the corticospinal tract. Degeneration of CSMNs and MNs leads inexorably to muscle wastage and weakness, ...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.05.023
更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::A preembedding double immunostaining technique using antibodies against methionine-enkephalin and tyrosine hydroxylase was used to study synaptic relations between enkephalinergic and catecholaminergic neurons in the area postrema of the rat at the electron microscopic level. The large nuclei-containing cell bodies of...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(95)02016-k
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A simple procedure for recording of diaphragmatic electromyographic activity in awake, freely behaving animals is described. This procedure produces highly stable recording of muscle activity for very long periods. Because of its ease of use, the procedure has become the technique of choice for acute recording in our ...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(89)90112-3
更新日期:1989-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Considerable evidence exists for an involvement of serotonergic mechanisms in the control of alcohol consumption. In the present study, an extensive 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT3) receptor autoradiographical investigation was performed using two genetically selected rat strains, alcohol preferring (P) and Alko alcohol (A...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(98)00016-1
更新日期:1998-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study investigated the effect of green tea (GT) on short and long term declarative memory and oxidative damage induced by transient ischemia-reperfusion (IR) and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into 8 groups of 10 according the stroke type induced: Sham IR, Sham IR+GT, IR, IR...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.03.007
更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper surveys more than twenty types of tactile illusions and discusses several of their aspects. These aspects include the ease with which they can be demonstrated and whether they have clear visual analogs. The paper also shows how to construct equipment made of simple supplies able to deliver well-controlled t...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.01.008
更新日期:2008-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::Serotonin 5-HT1A receptors belong to the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors. Receptor activation of G-proteins can be determined by agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPgammaS binding in the presence of excess GDP, and in vitro autoradiographic adaptation of this technique allows visualization of receptor-activated G-pr...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(97)00061-0
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neurological assessment of certain movement disorders is described with emphasis on Parkinson's disease. In addition, abnormal behavior and changes in affect are given. Changes in neurological status, i.e., Bradykinesia, rigidity, gait changes, hand-writing irregularity, postural reflexes are outlined. The differentia...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(83)90181-8
更新日期:1983-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Single unit recordings were used to map the spatial distribution of motor (MI) cortical influences on thalamic somatosensory relay nuclei in the rat. A total of 215 microelectrode penetrations were made to record single neurons in tracks through the medial and lateral ventroposterior (VPM and VPL), ventrolateral (VL),...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(90)90213-j
更新日期:1990-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Endogenous adrenergic drive regulates the firing rate of serotonergic neurons. However, advocates of feedback theory assert that 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) released in the somatodendritic region of raphe neurons regulates both rate and release of 5-HT. Experiments were done to determine if the somatodendritic region m...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(01)00567-6
更新日期:2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cell replacement therapy is of great interest as a long-term treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). We have previously shown that Sertoli cells (SC) provide neurotrophic support to transplants of dopaminergic fetal neurons and NT2N neurons, derived from the human clonal precursors ce...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2004.09.003
更新日期:2004-12-15 00:00:00
abstract::Progesterone receptor (PR) isoforms expression was determined in several regions of the prepuberal and adult male rat brain by using reverse transcription coupled to polymerase chain reaction. Rats under a 14:10-h light-dark cycle, with lights on at 0600 h were used. We found that in the hypothalamus of prepuberal ani...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(00)00410-x
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study was performed to elucidate the mechanism by which adenosine triphosphate (ATP) encapsulated into liposomes was able to protect against experimental brain ischemia in the rat. After intracarotidal administration of liposomally entrapped ATP, the ATP blood level increased dramatically whereas no change was ob...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(91)90004-4
更新日期:1991-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many objective and quantitative methods have been developed to create a procedure or a device to prove, describe and quantify olfactory deficit and anosmia, especially after a head trauma. Electrophysiological testing throughout olfactoelectroencephalography (olfactoEEG) is based on brain activity desynchronisation, a...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.08.004
更新日期:2006-12-11 00:00:00
abstract::In the present study, cellular tropism and relative transduction efficiency of AAV2/6, AAV2/8 and AAV2/9 vectors have been tested for the cornea using primary cultures of human corneal fibroblasts. The AAV6, AAV8 and AAV9 serotypes having AAV2 ITR plasmid encoding for alkaline phosphatase (AP) gene were generated by t...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.07.005
更新日期:2010-02-15 00:00:00
abstract::We previously showed that inhibition of brain NO production suppresses sleep in rats and rabbits. In the present experiments we studied the effects of stimulation of NO-receptive brain mechanisms on sleep. Male rats were injected intra-cerebroventricularly with the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP, 400 m...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(96)00227-4
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00