Abstract:
:Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) are chemogenetic tools commonly-used to manipulate brain activity. The most widely-used synthetic DREADD ligand, clozapine-N-oxide (CNO), is back-metabolized to clozapine which can itself activate endogenous receptors. Studies in non-DREADD-expressing rodents suggest CNO or a DREADD agonist that lacks active metabolites, such as Compound 21 (C21), change rodent behavior (e.g. decrease locomotion), but chronic injection of CNO does not change locomotion. However, it is unknown if chronic CNO changes behaviors relevant to locomotion, exploration, anxiety, and depression, or if chronic C21 changes any aspect of mouse behavior. Here non-DREADD-expressing mice received i.p. Vehicle (Veh), CNO, or C21 (1 mg/kg) 5 days/week for 16 weeks and behaviors were assessed over time. Veh, CNO, and C21 mice had similar weight gain over the 16-week-experiment. During the 3rd injection week, CNO and C21 mice explored more than Veh mice in a novel context and had more open field center entries; however, groups were similar in other measures of locomotion and anxiety. During the 14th-16th injection weeks, Veh, CNO, and C21 mice had similar locomotion and anxiety-like behaviors. We interpret these data as showing chronic Veh, CNO, and C21 injections given to male non-DREADD-expressing mice largely lack behavioral effects. These data may be helpful for behavioral neuroscientists when study design requires repeated injection of these DREADD agonists.
journal_name
Neurosci Lettjournal_title
Neuroscience lettersauthors
Tran FH,Spears SL,Ahn KJ,Eisch AJ,Yun Sdoi
10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135432subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-11-20 00:00:00pages
135432eissn
0304-3940issn
1872-7972pii
S0304-3940(20)30702-3journal_volume
739pub_type
杂志文章abstract:BACKGROUND:Diverse physiological and pathological functions of 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) were proved. However, cytotoxicity and potential influence of 27-OHC on cholesterol metabolism in neurons are unclear. DESIGN AND METHODS:In the vitro co-culture system, SH-SY5Y cells and C6 cells were applied to explore the ...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2016.08.056
更新日期:2016-10-06 00:00:00
abstract::Although aging-related alterations in the auditory sensory memory and involuntary change discrimination have been widely studied, it remains controversial whether the mismatch negativity (MMN) or its magnetic counterpart (MMNm) is modulated by physiological aging. This study aimed to examine the effects of aging on mi...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2013.02.063
更新日期:2013-06-07 00:00:00
abstract::Glutamic acid (Glu) participates in pain modulation of the central nervous system. The CA3 region of the hippocampal formation has been suggested to be involved in nociceptive perception. However, it is unknown whether Glu could modulate the electrical activities of pain-related neurons in the hippocampal CA3 region. ...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2012.02.009
更新日期:2012-03-28 00:00:00
abstract::To better understand the pathophysiological role of Src protein, a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase of 60kDa, in the ischemic brain, we investigated the time course and regional distribution of active Src expression by using a specific antibody against Tyr416 phosphorylated Src (phospho-Src) in the rat hippocampus...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2005.01.015
更新日期:2005-05-20 00:00:00
abstract::Stress is a major risk factor in drug addiction development and relapse. Virtually all drugs of abuse act by increasing extracellular dopamine levels in the striatum. To gain an understanding of the interaction between stress and drug exposure, we studied the effects of concomitant chronic nicotine and chronic stress ...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.05.038
更新日期:2008-07-25 00:00:00
abstract::Mechanosensitivity is a crucial but poorly understood property of the sensory nervous system. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, which have been found to be responsible for the detection of other sensory stimuli such as temperature and pungent chemicals, have been suggested to also recognize stretch or press...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2009.03.082
更新日期:2009-06-19 00:00:00
abstract::Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is known to be structured with astroglial cells (AGs) and brain endothelial cells (BECs), and it has been proposed that these cells play different roles in the BBB. We cultivated AGs and BECs from infant rats (2-week-old), and these cells were cultured on the opposing side of collagen membran...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0304-3940(96)12555-6
更新日期:1996-04-19 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of our experiments was to assess the effect of acutely administered corticosterone on the expression of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in the brain of rats with high (HR) and low (LR) levels of anxiety. The rats were divided into groups according to their conditioned fear-induced freezing responses and then we...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2012.11.012
更新日期:2013-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::The permeation of 36Cl from blood into choroid plexus (CP) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was studied in adult rats intraventricularly injected with either dibutyryl (db)-cAMP, theophylline with db-cAMP, or forskolin. All 3 treatments significantly enhanced the 15-min distribution (Vd) of 36Cl into CSF, by an average o...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0304-3940(92)90253-4
更新日期:1992-08-31 00:00:00
abstract::The goal of the present study was to explore the relation between speed-accuracy trade-off phenomena and action kinematics in the case of pointing under isometric conditions. Increasing task difficulty resulted in a linear increase in movement time (as predicted by Fitts' law) and in systematic changes in the spatio-t...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(00)01089-2
更新日期:2000-05-26 00:00:00
abstract::Striatal neurons containing acetylcholine and somatostatin were examined using a pharmacohistochemical procedure for acetylcholinesterase and NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry respectively. The use of these two histochemical procedures allowed both cholinergic and somatostatin cells to be visualized simultaneously in si...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0304-3940(83)90536-0
更新日期:1983-02-21 00:00:00
abstract::The electrophysiological mechanism underlying afterhyperpolarization induced by the activation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) in male rat major pelvic ganglion neurons (MPG) was investigated using a gramicidin-perforated patch clamp and microscopic fluorescence measurement system. Acetylcholine (ACh) ...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2010.07.026
更新日期:2010-09-27 00:00:00
abstract::Na+, K+-ATPase is one of major membrane proteins that has two subunits, alpha and beta. The alpha subunit has the ATPase activity and the ouabain binding site. Among four isoforms of the alpha subunit, expression of alpha1, alpha2, and alpha3, but not alpha4, is observed in matured rat brain. Ouabain is one of cardiac...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2006.11.061
更新日期:2007-02-08 00:00:00
abstract::The opioid peptide dynorphin decreased somatic calcium-dependent action potential duration in a portion of mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons without altering resting membrane potential or conductance. Dynorphin action was antagonized by naloxone. Responses of DRG neurons to dynorphin differed from responses to ...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0304-3940(84)90439-7
更新日期:1984-05-04 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:The saccadic paradigm has been used to investigate specific cortical networks involving attention. The behavioral and electrophysiological investigations of the SEM contribute significantly to the understanding of attentive patterns presented of neurological and psychiatric disorders and sports performance...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2012.06.066
更新日期:2012-08-15 00:00:00
abstract::To understand the genetic origin of I2020T mutation in the kinase domain of leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), we investigated the original PARK8 Japanese family (Sagamihara family) and a German family (family 32), both of which were found to harbor I2020T as the causal mutation for autosomal dominant familial Park...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2007.02.086
更新日期:2007-04-24 00:00:00
abstract::Fragile X syndrome (FXS), a disorder caused by a mutation in the FMR1 gene, is often associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Common treatments for the hyperactivity often seen in ADHD involve the use of stimulants and α2-adrenergic agonists. The Fmr1 knockout (KO) mouse has been found to be a ...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2014.11.035
更新日期:2015-01-12 00:00:00
abstract::The intervibrissal fur-evoked activity in the rat somatosensory cortex was investigated using high-resolution optical imaging with a voltage-sensitive dye. The optical imaging revealed that the intervibrissal fur representation forms a U-shaped band around the borders of the posteromedial barrel subfield (PMBSF), and ...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2005.02.062
更新日期:2005-06-24 00:00:00
abstract::As a prevalent disease all over the world, changed functional activities and/or structures in many brain regions have been found in depression. In this study, 5-week chronic restraint stress (CRS) was performed to establish depression rat models, and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) wa...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2017.11.047
更新日期:2018-02-05 00:00:00
abstract::Using the study-specific templates and optimized voxel-based morphometry (VBM), this study investigated abnormalities in gray and white matter to provide depiction of the concurrent structural changes in 13 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared with 14 age- and sex-matched normal controls. Consistent with pr...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2009.10.086
更新日期:2010-01-04 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Gabor patterns are defined as the product of a sinusoid function and a Gaussian envelope and are commonly used in visual and attentional research due to their ability to selectively stimulate the primary visual cortex. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Gabor patterns can be used as visual stim...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134970
更新日期:2020-05-29 00:00:00
abstract::The comorbidity between migraine and depression not only provides a major treatment challenge, but also represents a heavy burden on society. However, the relationship between depression and migraine and their molecular biological mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of depression elicited by...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2013.04.038
更新日期:2013-09-13 00:00:00
abstract::Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex disease with the possible involvement of several genes. Genetic studies on sporadic late-onset AD have determined APOE*4 to be the major risk factor. Members of the synuclein gene family are potential candidates for the risk of AD. The persyn gene (gamma-synuclein) has recently be...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00025-7
更新日期:1999-02-19 00:00:00
abstract::Acute and chronic damage to the central nervous system (CNS) releases large quantities of ATP. Whereas the ATP concentration in the extracellular space is normally in the micromolar range, under these conditions it increases to millimolar levels. A number of ligand-gated cationic channels termed P2X receptors (7 mamma...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2013.09.056
更新日期:2014-04-17 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of bifemelane hydrochloride (BFH) on the induction of heat shock protein (HSP) 70 and heat shock cognate protein (HSC) 70 mRNAs after transient global ischemia in gerbil brain was investigated by in situ hybridization using cloned cDNA probes selective for each mRNA species. Following 3.5 min of ischemia, H...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0304-3940(93)90173-i
更新日期:1993-05-14 00:00:00
abstract::Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) is involved in the stimulation of gastric acid release from the stomach. It also mediates effects on feeding behavior. It is associated with anorexigenic effects in both mammalian and avian species, but the mechanism of action is unknown in any species. The aim of the present study was ...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134529
更新日期:2019-11-20 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Genetic factors may play important roles in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, and more than 40 loci involved in Parkinson's disease have been identified. Due to differing allele frequencies across origins, the associations of these loci and sporadic Parkinson's disease in the Eastern Chinese populatio...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135261
更新日期:2020-09-14 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of the present study was to confirm the functional regulation by alpha 2-adrenoceptors of the release of serotonin (5-HT) from the rat hippocampus in vivo. Under several pharmacological conditions, extracellular levels of 5-HT were estimated by assaying its concentrations in the perfusate by high performan...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0304-3940(95)11635-a
更新日期:1995-06-16 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of aging on sex differences in analgesia from the kappa-opioid agonist, U50,488H (U50), were examined in C57BL/6J mice. U50 analgesia can be blocked by the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, MK-801 (MK), in male rodents and gonadectomized females, but not hormonally intact or estrogen-replaced femal...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2004.04.004
更新日期:2004-06-10 00:00:00
abstract::Neuronal apoptosis is a contributing cause of disability and death in cerebral ischemia. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) may become a potential therapeutic target for hypoxic/ischemic neuron damage because NF-κB is inactivated after hypoxia exposure. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been found to improve neurol...
journal_title:Neuroscience letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2015.10.051
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00