The acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation.

abstract：:There is an increasing interest in non-albicans Candida species because of the increasing number of fungal infections they cause. Most of these infections can be found in immunocompromised individuals, especially in those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Candida dubliniensis is a recently identified y...

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： Schorling SR,Kortinga HC,Froschb M,Mühlschlegel FA

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The exact aetiology of most autoimmune diseases remains unknown, nonetheless, several factors contributing to the induction or exacerbation of autoimmune reactions have been suggested. These include the genetic profile and lifestyle of the affected individual in addition to environmental triggers such as bacterial, pa...

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： Hussein HM,Rahal EA

更新日期：2019-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Riboflavin derivatives are essential cofactors for a myriad of flavoproteins. In bacteria, flavins importance extends beyond their role as intracellular protein cofactors, as secreted flavins are a key metabolite in a variety of physiological processes. Bacteria obtain riboflavin through the endogenous riboflavin bios...

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： García-Angulo VA

更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems consist of a bicistronic operon, encoding a toxin and an antitoxin. They are widely distributed in the prokaryotic kingdom, often in multiple numbers. TAs are implicated in contradicting phenomena of persistence and programmed cell death (PCD) in bacteria. mazEF TA system, one of the widel...

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： Ramisetty BC,Natarajan B,Santhosh RS

更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In terms of genetically determined susceptibility to the clinical antifungal agent 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), Candida albicans may be homozygous sensitive (FCY/FCY), homozygous resistant (fcy/fcy), or heterozygous (fcy/FCY). Although heterozygotes are only slightly resistant, they occur at significant frequency among cl...

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： Whelan WL

更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nanotechnology, the engineering and art of manipulating matter at the nanoscale (1-100 nm), offers the potential of novel nanomaterials for treatment of surface water, groundwater, and wastewater contaminated by toxic metal ions, organic and inorganic solutes, and microorganisms. Due to their unique activity toward re...

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： Theron J,Walker JA,Cloete TE

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Tuberculosis is an ancient human scourge that continues to be an important public health problem worldwide. The increasing number of multidrug-resistant (MDR) M. tuberculosis isolates from both AIDS and non-AIDS patients is an ominous trend that threatens tuberculosis eradication programs both in the U.S. and overseas...

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： Collins FM

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Giardia lamblia is the causative agent of the diarrheal disease giardiasis, against which only a limited number of drugs are currently available. Increasing reports of resistance to these drugs makes it necessary to identify new cellular targets for designing the next generation of anti-giardial drugs. Towards this go...

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： Ray A,Sarkar S

更新日期：2017-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The use of many rapid detection technologies could be expanded if the bacteria were separated, concentrated, and purified from the sample matrix before detection. Specific advantages of bacterial concentration might include facilitating the detection of multiple bacterial strains; removal of matrix-associated assay in...

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： Stevens KA,Jaykus LA

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review followed from experiments suggesting that some fungi do not require calcium. It was found that many studies of a calcium requirement in microorganisms had assumed specificity for chelation agents such as EGTA and A23187, which the reagents did not possess. Early studies still cited today often preceded the...

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： Youatt J

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The use of marine microorganisms as potential biofactories for green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is a relatively new field of research with considerable prospects. This method is eco-friendly, time saving, and inexpensive and can be easily scaled up for large-scale synthesis. The increasing need to develop sim...

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： Manivasagan P,Nam SY,Oh J

更新日期：2016-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The immune system is well-equipped with sensors that detect invading pathogens and dictate subsequent immune responses for clearing the infections. One such class of sensor is the toll-like receptor (TLR), that can sense diverse molecules of pathogen origin such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrate, DNA, RNA, and trigger...

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： Udgata A,Dolasia K,Ghosh S,Mukhopadhyay S

更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In mycobacteria, iron dependent transcription regulator (IdeR) regulates transcription of genes in response to iron levels. The IdeR regulated genes have been investigated mostly in M. tuberculosis, M. smegmatis, and in few of the other related species. Recent advances in crystal structure solution and computational a...

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： Ranjan S,Yellaboina S,Ranjan A

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an extracellular organelle crucial for preserving its cellular integrity and detecting environmental cues. The cell wall is composed of mannoproteins attached to a polysaccharide network and is continuously remodelled as cells undergo cell division, mating, gametogenesis or...

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： Novačić A,Vučenović I,Primig M,Stuparević I

更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The ability of serum complement to kill bacteria has been linked to host resistance to Gram-negative bacteria. A mechanism for killing extracellular organisms during early invasion, following release from infected phagocytic cells, or during bacteremia would contribute to a host's ability to resist disease. In fact, t...

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： Hoffmann EM,Houle JJ

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Escherichia coli can commonly be found, either as a commensal, probiotic or a pathogen, in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Biofilm formation and its regulation is surprisingly variable, although distinct regulatory pattern of red, dry and rough (rdar) biofilm formation arise in certain pathovars and even clones...

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： Rossi E,Cimdins A,Lüthje P,Brauner A,Sjöling Å,Landini P,Römling U

更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Tuberculosis (TB) is an air-born, transmissible disease, having an estimated 9.4 million new TB cases worldwide in 2009. Eventual control of this disease by developing a safe and efficient new vaccine able to detain its spread will have an enormous impact on public health policy. Selecting potential antigens to be inc...

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： Ocampo M,Patarroyo MA,Vanegas M,Alba MP,Patarroyo ME

更新日期：2014-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are photosynthetic prokaryotes having applications in human health with numerous biological activities and as a dietary supplement. It is used as a food supplement because of its richness in nutrients and digestibility. Many cyanobacteria (Microcystis sp, Anabaena sp, Nostoc sp, Os...

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： Raja R,Hemaiswarya S,Ganesan V,Carvalho IS

更新日期：2016-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The human fungal pathogen Candida albicans switches from a budding yeast form to a polarized hyphal form in response to various external signals. This morphogenetic switching has been implicated in the development of pathogenicity. Several signaling pathways that regulate morphogenesis have been identified, including ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： Dhillon NK,Sharma S,Khuller GK

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Heavy metal contamination has become a worldwide environmental concern due to its toxicity, non-degradability and food-chain bioaccumulation. Conventional physical and chemical treatment methods for heavy metal removal have disadvantages such as cost-intensiveness, incomplete removal, secondary pollution and the lack ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： Li PS,Tao HC

更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 (EAST1) is a small protein that was first detected more than a decade ago in an enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) strain isolated from the stools of a diarrheic child. The EAST1 gene, astA, is not solely present in EAEC, but also in other categories of diarrh...

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： Ménard LP,Dubreuil JD

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nanotechnology has revolutionized almost all the fields of science and technology, particularly the food packaging industry. Accordingly, some nanoparticles can be used in food contact materials to preserve food products for longer periods. To date, many inorganic and metal nanoparticles have been implemented to synth...

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： Hoseinnejad M,Jafari SM,Katouzian I

更新日期：2018-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although bacteria have historically been considered to play a major role in cystic fibrosis (CF) airway damage, a strong impact of respiratory viral infections (RVI) is also now recognized. Emerging evidence confirms that respiratory viruses are associated with deterioration of pulmonary function and exacerbation and ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： Billard L,Le Berre R,Pilorgé L,Payan C,Héry-Arnaud G,Vallet S

更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dermatophytoses are superficial infections caused by a group of fungi, the dermatophytes, which invade keratinized tissue of skin, hair, and nails in humans and animals. The importance of normal immune function in resistance to dermatophytoses is substantiated by an increased susceptibility to chronic infection seen i...

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： Calderon RA

更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Legionella spp. are the causative agent of Legionnaire's disease and an opportunistic pathogen of significant public health concern. Identification and quantification from environmental sources is crucial for identifying outbreak origins and providing sufficient information for risk assessment and disease prevention. ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： Whiley H,Taylor M

更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), which cause the deadly neuroparalytic disease, botulism, is the most toxic substance known to man. BoNT can be used as potential bioterrorism agents, and therefore, pose great threat to national security and public health. Rapid and sensitive detection of BoNTs using molecular and biochemi...

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： Cai S,Singh BR,Sharma S

更新日期：2007-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lectins are natural bioactive ubiquitous proteins or glycoproteins of non-immune response that bind reversibly to glycans of glycoproteins, glycolipids and polysaccharides possessing at least one non-catalytic domain causing agglutination. Some of them consist of several carbohydrate-binding domains which endow them w...

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： Singh RS,Thakur SR,Bansal P

更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Both coagulation and fibrinolysis are tightly connected with the innate immune system. Infection and inflammation cause profound alterations in the otherwise well-controlled balance between coagulation and fibrinolysis. Many pathogenic bacteria directly exploit the host's hemostatic system to increase their virulence....

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： Peetermans M,Vanassche T,Liesenborghs L,Lijnen RH,Verhamme P

更新日期：2016-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Staphylococcus aureus biofilms represent a unique micro-environment that directly contribute to the bacterial fitness within hospital settings. The accumulation of this structure on implanted medical devices has frequently caused the development of persistent and chronic S. aureus-associated infections, which represen...

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： Figueiredo AMS,Ferreira FA,Beltrame CO,Côrtes MF

更新日期：2017-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A chronically weak area in research papers, reports, and reviews is the complete identification of important background reference documents that formed the building blocks for the research. A method for systematically determining these important references is presented. Citation-Assisted Background (CAB) is based on t...

journal_title：Critical reviews in microbiology

authors： Kostoff RN

更新日期：2010-11-01 00:00:00