Abstract:
:In terms of genetically determined susceptibility to the clinical antifungal agent 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), Candida albicans may be homozygous sensitive (FCY/FCY), homozygous resistant (fcy/fcy), or heterozygous (fcy/FCY). Although heterozygotes are only slightly resistant, they occur at significant frequency among clinical strains and carry preexisting resistance determinants which may be responsible, following homozygosis, for treatment failures. There are two resistance genes (FCY1 and FCY2) known. Resistance in fcy1/fcy1 strains was associated with decreased UMP pyrophosphorylase activity, whereas resistance in fcy2/fcy2 strains was associated with decreased cytosine deaminase activity. These results were confirmed and extended in a 19F nuclear magnetic resonance study of 5-FC uptake and metabolism in genetically defined strains. By means of hybridization via spheroplast fusion, a complementation test was devised to test allelism of resistance determinants. Resistance to 5-FC was employed as a useful genetic marker in basic studies. In tetraploid hybrids which bore appropriate fcy markers, it was possible to select for reduction in ploidy by selecting for increased resistance to 5-FC; a novel parasexual system was thus generated (2n x 2n----4n----2n). In linkage studies, the gene FCY1 was shown to be linked to the gene HIS. Reciprocal mitotic recombination was demonstrated repeatedly with fcy1 and his alleles in cis and in trans configurations and evidence for nonreciprocal recombination (mitotic gene conversion) was also obtained. In Cryptococcus neoformans, mutation in either of two genes (FCY1, FCY2) is sufficient to confer resistance. These genes behave as simple Mendelian determinants which recombine freely. Diploid C. neoformans heterozygous for resistance (FCY/fcy) provided useful strains in which to develop genetic mapping methodology based on mitotic recombination.
journal_name
Crit Rev Microbioljournal_title
Critical reviews in microbiologyauthors
Whelan WLdoi
10.3109/10408418709104447subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1987-01-01 00:00:00pages
45-56issue
1eissn
1040-841Xissn
1549-7828journal_volume
15pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::The cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are photosynthetic prokaryotes having applications in human health with numerous biological activities and as a dietary supplement. It is used as a food supplement because of its richness in nutrients and digestibility. Many cyanobacteria (Microcystis sp, Anabaena sp, Nostoc sp, Os...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/1040841X.2014.957640
更新日期:2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The approach to this article will be the review of experimental developments achieved in recent years in the fields of biochemistry, molecular biology, ultrastructure, etc. and that have suggested models and hypothesis in order to understand the regulation of the molecular mechanisms involved in fungal differentiation...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408418409105474
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A pheromone is a chemical excreted by an organism into the environment that acts to elicit a specific response from other organisms of the same species. The importance of pheromones in the life cycle of various species of mammals, insects, and fungi is well known. In the past decade, it has become apparent that pherom...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408418609108741
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lipases are esterases able to hydrolyze water-insoluble esters such as long-chain triglycerides. These enzymes also catalyze the formation of esters (esterification) and the exchange of ester bonds (transesterification) when present in nonaqueous media. Lipases display a high degree of specificity and enantioselectivi...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408419409113549
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Industrialisation has introduced several lifestyle changes and medical advancements but their impact on intestinal microbiota acquisition is often overlooked. Even though these consequential changes in the microbiota could contribute to the disease burden that accompanies industrialisation, such as obesity and atopic ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/1040841X.2019.1680601
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Renewed interest in the acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation as a route for industrial production of butanol has been evident since the oil crisis of the 1970s. The present review includes an historical recap of the traditional industrial process and culturing practices useful in maintaining viable solvent-produ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408418809104464
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is clear that mannan has the potential to influence multiple biologic functions in vivo and in vitro, including both mannan-specific and mannan-nonspecific activities. Based on in vitro studies, various mechanisms have been proposed for the regulatory activities observed, ranging from interference with normal PMNL ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408418909105721
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Highly significant evidence of the intellectual and cultural efforts of the human race is contained in documents. They take many forms, from papyri through paper to modern magnetic media and optical records. These items are mainly made of organic materials many of which contain polymers, which span from cellulose and ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408410490884766
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The use of phages to control and reduce numbers of unwanted bacteria can be traced back to the early 1900s, when phages were explored as a tool to treat infections before the wide scale use of antibiotics. Recently, phage therapy has received renewed interest as a method to treat multiresistant bacteria. Phages are al...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/1040841X.2015.1114466
更新日期:2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The exact aetiology of most autoimmune diseases remains unknown, nonetheless, several factors contributing to the induction or exacerbation of autoimmune reactions have been suggested. These include the genetic profile and lifestyle of the affected individual in addition to environmental triggers such as bacterial, pa...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/1040841X.2019.1614904
更新日期:2019-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since the first documented outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 in 1982, numerous publications have demonstrated or proposed putative components implicated in the pathogenesis of this gastrointestinal infection. Indeed, Escherichia coli O157:H7 pathogenesis is linked to several potential ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/713608014
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::With the increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the lack of new antibiotics being brought onto the market, alternative strategies need to be found to cope with infections resulting from drug-resistant bacteria. A possible solution may be to combine existing antibiotics with phytochemicals to enhance the efficac...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/1040841X.2013.763219
更新日期:2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The use of many rapid detection technologies could be expanded if the bacteria were separated, concentrated, and purified from the sample matrix before detection. Specific advantages of bacterial concentration might include facilitating the detection of multiple bacterial strains; removal of matrix-associated assay in...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408410490266410
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Programmed cell death (PCD), also referred to as apoptosis, is a cellular "suicide" mechanism, based on information from its own internal metabolism, environment, developmental history, and genome. This system was described in eukaryotes continuously along evolution, through amoebae, nematodes, insects, and animals. P...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408419709115136
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Humans ingest large numbers of microbes daily. Food provides distinctly different physical and physiological conditions from drinking water. With high concentrations of carbohydrate, protein, and ionic strength, food is much closer to the human physiological state than drinking water, which is essentially devoid of nu...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/1040-840291046740
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Urease activity is a physiological function of many bacteria that enables these organisms to utilize urea as a source of nitrogen. The association of ureolytic bacteria with human or animal hosts varies widely from a commensal relationship as demonstrated with skin microflora, a symbiotic relationship in the gastroint...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408418809104467
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Brucellosis is a worldwide zoonosis causing reproductive failures in livestock and a severe multi-organ disease in humans. The genus Brucella is divided into seven species and various biotypes differing in pathogenicity and host specificity. Although Brucella spp. represent a highly homogenous group of bacteria, RFLPs...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408410500304041
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The bacteria having a unique ring-like morphology first isolated from nasal mucus by Weibel in 1887 were classified as a new genus Spirosoma by Migula in 1894. However, because these bacteria were not completely described for taxonomic purposes and their cultures were no longer available, the genus was deleted from th...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408419009114761
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), which cause the deadly neuroparalytic disease, botulism, is the most toxic substance known to man. BoNT can be used as potential bioterrorism agents, and therefore, pose great threat to national security and public health. Rapid and sensitive detection of BoNTs using molecular and biochemi...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408410701364562
更新日期:2007-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pathogens in soil play a tremendous role in soil health and subsequent food production. Soil-borne pathogens can cause serious losses to global harvest and are considered as a difficult problem to manage worldwide. The emergence of soil disease is largely dependent on the pathogen-host-environment complex, which can b...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/1040841X.2019.1700906
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The use of successive generations of beta-lactams has selected successive generations of beta-lactamases including CTX-M ESBLs, AmpC beta-lactamases, and KPC carbapenamases in Enterobacteriaceae. Moreover, this cephalosporin resistance, along with rising resistance to fluoroquinolones, is now driving the use of carbap...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408410902733979
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::There are difficult technical problems inherent in verifying compliance to the Biological Weapons and Toxin Convention (BWC) that are making it difficult to reach international agreement on a verification protocol. A compliance regime will most likely involve the formation of an Organization for the Prevention of Biol...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408419891294262
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The increasing emergence of antimicrobial multiresistant bacteria is of great concern to public health. While these bacteria are becoming an ever more prominent cause of nosocomial and community-acquired infections worldwide, the antibiotic discovery pipeline has been stalled in the last few years with very few effort...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/1040841X.2013.866073
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Polymyxins are important lipopeptide antibiotics that serve as the last-line defense against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacterial infections. Worryingly, the clinical utility of polymyxins is currently facing a serious threat with the global dissemination of mcr, plasmid-mediated polymyxin resistance. The...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/1040841X.2018.1492902
更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lectins are natural bioactive ubiquitous proteins or glycoproteins of non-immune response that bind reversibly to glycans of glycoproteins, glycolipids and polysaccharides possessing at least one non-catalytic domain causing agglutination. Some of them consist of several carbohydrate-binding domains which endow them w...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/1040841X.2013.798780
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review followed from experiments suggesting that some fungi do not require calcium. It was found that many studies of a calcium requirement in microorganisms had assumed specificity for chelation agents such as EGTA and A23187, which the reagents did not possess. Early studies still cited today often preceded the...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408419309113524
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The brucellae are α-Proteobacteria causing brucellosis, an important zoonosis. Although multiplying in endoplasmic reticulum-derived vacuoles, they cause no cell death, suggesting subtle but efficient use of host resources. Brucellae are amino-acid prototrophs able to grow with ammonium or use glutamate as the sole ca...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/1040841X.2014.962480
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Eugenol is a hydroxyphenyl propene, naturally occurring in the essential oils of several plants belonging to the Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, and Myristicaceae families. It is one of the major constituents of clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry, Myrtaceae) oil and is largely used in both foods and c...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/1040841X.2017.1295225
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The environmental health-related relevance of cyanobacteria is primarily related to their ability to produce a wide range of toxins, which are known to be hazardous to many organisms, including human beings. The occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms has been related to eutrophic surface water. In the bloom-forming proce...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10408410600822934
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Antimicrobial resistance of disease-related microorganisms is considered a worldwide prevalent and serious issue which increases the failure of treatment outcomes and leads to high mortality. Considering that the increased resistance to systemic antimicrobial therapy often needs of the use of more toxic agents, topica...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/1040841X.2017.1313811
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00