Abstract:
:The ability of serum complement to kill bacteria has been linked to host resistance to Gram-negative bacteria. A mechanism for killing extracellular organisms during early invasion, following release from infected phagocytic cells, or during bacteremia would contribute to a host's ability to resist disease. In fact, the ability of serum complement to kill bacteria has been linked to disease resistance. Brucella abortus are Gram-negative intracellular pathogens. Resistance to these bacteria involves the coordinated activities of the cellular and humoral immune systems. The existence of serum-resistant forms of B. abortus has been established, and it has been shown that these bacteria can resist the killing action of complement even in the presence of specific antibody. Antibody is usually necessary for complement-mediated killing of smooth (virulent) forms of Gram-negative bacteria. An anomolous situation exists with some isolates of smooth B. abortus. Sera containing high titers of specific antibody do not support killing unless they are diluted. In the bovine, this phenomenon is associated with IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies. This finding may account for the lack of positive correlation between antibody levels and resistance to disease, which has led, perhaps wrongly, to the idea that antibody and complement are not important in resistance to brucellosis. Available evidence suggests that antibody may have contradictory roles in the interactions between a host and bacteria. Avirulent (rough) forms of the organism would be rapidly killed by complement shortly after invasion, but serum-resistant smooth forms of the organism would survive and invade resident phagocytic cells. During the process of invasion and phagocytosis, the bacteria would initiate an immune response. With time, some B. abortus organisms would be released from infected phagocytic cells. In the early stages of this process, the bacteria would encounter IgM antibody and low concentrations of IgG antibody. These would cause complement-mediated killing, and infection would be restricted to resident phagocytic cells. However, the immune response to B. abortus antigens would be intensified, and IgG antibody levels would increase. High concentrations of antibody do no support complement-mediated killing of extracellular B. abortus, but the bacteria would be opsonized by antibody and complement component fragments. This would lead to increased phagocytosis of extracellular B. abortus as they appear, and concomitant extension of disease. Because of high levels of antibody would block complement-mediated killing of B. abortus, resistance to disease at this point would be dependent on cell-mediated immunity.
journal_name
Crit Rev Microbioljournal_title
Critical reviews in microbiologyauthors
Hoffmann EM,Houle JJdoi
10.3109/10408419509113538subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1995-01-01 00:00:00pages
153-63issue
3eissn
1040-841Xissn
1549-7828journal_volume
21pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::In terms of genetically determined susceptibility to the clinical antifungal agent 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), Candida albicans may be homozygous sensitive (FCY/FCY), homozygous resistant (fcy/fcy), or heterozygous (fcy/FCY). Although heterozygotes are only slightly resistant, they occur at significant frequency among cl...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10408418709104447
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abstract::In mycobacteria, iron dependent transcription regulator (IdeR) regulates transcription of genes in response to iron levels. The IdeR regulated genes have been investigated mostly in M. tuberculosis, M. smegmatis, and in few of the other related species. Recent advances in crystal structure solution and computational a...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
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doi:10.1080/10408410600709768
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journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
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abstract::Mycobacteria are endowed with substances that profoundly affect the immune system. Leprosy and tuberculosis exemplify broad spectra of useful and detrimental immune responses of mycobacterial infections that range from intense potentiation to severe specific adn nonspecific suppression of humoral and cellular immune e...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
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doi:10.3109/10408418209104488
更新日期:1982-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
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abstract::The genus Aureobasidium spp. have been divided into three species, A. pullulans. A. leucospermi and A. proteae, and A. pullulans has been known to have five varieties. However, after analysis of many strains of this yeast isolated from different environments, they do not belong to any of the three species or the five ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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abstract::Dermatophytoses are superficial infections caused by a group of fungi, the dermatophytes, which invade keratinized tissue of skin, hair, and nails in humans and animals. The importance of normal immune function in resistance to dermatophytoses is substantiated by an increased susceptibility to chronic infection seen i...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
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更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) was first described in 1978 and since that year over 2990 cases have been reported to the Communicable Disease Center. The estimated case-fatality rate is 5.6%. The disease is characterized by fever, hypotension, rash, desquamation, and involvement of at least three other organ systems. Appr...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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abstract::The numbers and diversity of microbes in ecosystems within and around us is unmatched, yet most of these microorganisms remain recalcitrant to in vitro cultivation. Various high-throughput molecular techniques, collectively termed multi-omics, provide insights into the genomic structure and metabolic potential as well...
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journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Escherichia coli can commonly be found, either as a commensal, probiotic or a pathogen, in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Biofilm formation and its regulation is surprisingly variable, although distinct regulatory pattern of red, dry and rough (rdar) biofilm formation arise in certain pathovars and even clones...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
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更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microbially synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (FeONPs) hold great potential for biomedical, clinical, and environmental applications owing to their several unique features. Biomineralization, a process that exists in almost every living organism playing a significant role in the fabrication of FeONPs through the in...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
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abstract::Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), which cause the deadly neuroparalytic disease, botulism, is the most toxic substance known to man. BoNT can be used as potential bioterrorism agents, and therefore, pose great threat to national security and public health. Rapid and sensitive detection of BoNTs using molecular and biochemi...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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abstract::There is an increasing interest in non-albicans Candida species because of the increasing number of fungal infections they cause. Most of these infections can be found in immunocompromised individuals, especially in those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Candida dubliniensis is a recently identified y...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
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journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
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更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The first Alicyclobacillus spp. was isolated in 1982, and was originally thought to be strictly limited to thermophilic and acidic environments. Two years later, another Alicyclobacillus sp., A. acidoterrestris, was identified as the causative agent in spoilage of commercially pasteurized apple juice. Subsequent studi...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
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更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
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abstract::Gonorrhea is a major, global public health problem for which there is no vaccine. The continuing emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains raises concerns that untreatable Neisseria gonorrhoeae may become widespread in the near future. Consequently, there is an urgent need for increased efforts towards the development...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
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abstract::The bacteria having a unique ring-like morphology first isolated from nasal mucus by Weibel in 1887 were classified as a new genus Spirosoma by Migula in 1894. However, because these bacteria were not completely described for taxonomic purposes and their cultures were no longer available, the genus was deleted from th...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
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journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/1040841X.2017.1297763
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abstract::Escherichia coli enterotoxigenic strains produce one or more toxins which action result in production of diarrhea in animals including Man. One of these toxins, STb, has been mainly associated with colibacillosis in swine. Although highly prevalent in pigs with diarrhea, a relation between STb and disease was arduous ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
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更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Legionella spp. are the causative agent of Legionnaire's disease and an opportunistic pathogen of significant public health concern. Identification and quantification from environmental sources is crucial for identifying outbreak origins and providing sufficient information for risk assessment and disease prevention. ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
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更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Riboflavin derivatives are essential cofactors for a myriad of flavoproteins. In bacteria, flavins importance extends beyond their role as intracellular protein cofactors, as secreted flavins are a key metabolite in a variety of physiological processes. Bacteria obtain riboflavin through the endogenous riboflavin bios...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
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abstract::Following a brief review of the ecology of Escherichia coli in general, the role of Shiga-Toxigenic (Verocytotoxigenic) E. coli (STEC) as pathogens is addressed. While STEC belonging to the serogroup O157 have been extensively studied and shown to be involved in many cases and outbreaks of human disease, the importanc...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tuberculosis is an ancient human scourge that continues to be an important public health problem worldwide. The increasing number of multidrug-resistant (MDR) M. tuberculosis isolates from both AIDS and non-AIDS patients is an ominous trend that threatens tuberculosis eradication programs both in the U.S. and overseas...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are photosynthetic prokaryotes having applications in human health with numerous biological activities and as a dietary supplement. It is used as a food supplement because of its richness in nutrients and digestibility. Many cyanobacteria (Microcystis sp, Anabaena sp, Nostoc sp, Os...
journal_title:Critical reviews in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/1040841X.2014.957640
更新日期:2016-05-01 00:00:00