Abstract:
:Although the need for non-animal alternatives has been well recognised for the human health hazard assessment of chemicals in general, it has become especially pressing for cosmetic ingredients due to the full implementation of testing and marketing bans on animal testing under the European Cosmetics Regulation. This means that for the safety assessment of cosmetics, the necessary safety data for both the ingredients and the finished product can be drawn from validated (or scientifically-valid), so-called "Replacement methods". In view of the challenges for safety assessment without recourse to animal test data, the Methodology Working Group of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety organised a workshop in February 2019 to discuss the key issues in regard to the use of animal-free alternative methods for the safety evaluation of cosmetic ingredients. This perspective article summarises the outcomes of this workshop and reflects on the state-of-the-art and possible way forward for the safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients for which no experimental animal data exist. The use and optimisation of "New Approach Methodology" that could be useful tools in the context of the "Next Generation Risk Assessment" and the strategic framework for safety assessment of cosmetics were discussed in depth.
journal_name
Toxicologyjournal_title
Toxicologyauthors
Rogiers V,Benfenati E,Bernauer U,Bodin L,Carmichael P,Chaudhry Q,Coenraads PJ,Cronin MTD,Dent M,Dusinska M,Ellison C,Ezendam J,Gaffet E,Galli CL,Goebel C,Granum B,Hollnagel HM,Kern PS,Kosemund-Meynen K,Ouédraogo G,doi
10.1016/j.tox.2020.152421subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-04-30 00:00:00pages
152421eissn
0300-483Xissn
1879-3185pii
S0300-483X(20)30060-3journal_volume
436pub_type
相关文献
TOXICOLOGY文献大全abstract::Several epidemiological studies have shown that acute exposure to particulate air pollution is associated with increases in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and that these effects are especially exacerbated among individuals with pre-existing compromised cardiovascular function such as hypertension. This study ...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tox.2011.03.018
更新日期:2011-07-11 00:00:00
abstract::We examined the role of miRNAs in DNA damage response in HepG2 cells following exposure to 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP). The arylamine 4-ABP is a human carcinogen. Using the Comet assay, we showed that 4-ABP (18.75-300μM) induces DNA damage in HepG2 cells after 24h. DNA damage signaling pathway-based PCR arrays were used t...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tox.2014.05.003
更新日期:2014-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::It has been widely accepted that microglia, which are the innate immune cells in the brain, upon activation can cause neuronal damage. In the present study, we investigated the role of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in regulating microglial nitric oxide production and its role in causing neuronal damage. T...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tox.2013.08.008
更新日期:2013-10-04 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of zinc and copper on delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase were studied in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro addition of zinc alone to whole blood resulted in a highly significant increase in enzyme activity. The addition of copper alone had the opposite effect with a significant decrease in enzyme activit...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0300-483x(81)90161-x
更新日期:1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Direct ingestion of contaminated soil by depleted uranium (DU) might lead to internal exposure to DU by local populations through hand contamination. The purpose of this study was to assess the immunological changes of long-term exposure to various doses of DU in mice. Three-week-old Kunming mice were divided into the...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tox.2013.04.013
更新日期:2013-07-05 00:00:00
abstract::Immunohistochemical methods have been widely used to determine the histogenesis of spontaneous and chemically-induced mouse lung tumors. Typically, antigens for either alveolar Type II cells or bronchiolar epithelial Clara cells are studied. In the present work, the morphological and immunohistochemical phenotype of a...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0300-483x(03)00060-x
更新日期:2003-05-03 00:00:00
abstract::The trichothecenes are a group of mycotoxins that target leukocytes and have a wide range of immunomodulatory effects. Differential display analysis was applied to assess the effects of the trichothecenes deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin, DON) and satratoxin G (SG), on mRNA in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. Cells were i...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0300-483x(02)00605-4
更新日期:2003-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::Chronic beryllium disease (CBD) results from exposure to the light-weight metal beryllium (Be). In vitro stimulation of bronchoalveolar lavage cells from CBD subjects causes the production of high levels of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma and IL-6. We tested the hypothesis that Be-stimulation might induce the production of TNF-a...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0300-483x(99)00182-1
更新日期:2000-03-07 00:00:00
abstract::There is considerable interest in gene and environment interactions in neurodegenerative diseases. The HFE (homeostatic iron regulator) gene variant (H63D) is highly prevalent in the population and has been investigated as a disease modifier in multiple neurodegenerative diseases. We have developed a mouse model to in...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tox.2020.152525
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::To establish a paraquat-resistant Wistar rat strain, we carried out continuous sister-brother mating among rats that survived high-dose intraperitoneal administration of paraquat dichloride (360 mg/kg). The percentages of paraquat-resistant rats among wild rats and among the fifth-generations were 7.1% and 20.6%, resp...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0300-483x(00)00299-7
更新日期:2000-11-23 00:00:00
abstract::Role of chromium(III) in biological systems is controversial and no significant conclusions can be arrived with the available data. Chromium(VI) enters in to the cell readily and gets reduced to form stable chromium(III) complexes. Chromium(III) complexes react slowly and were considered non-toxic. Recent studies sugg...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tox.2008.07.052
更新日期:2008-09-29 00:00:00
abstract::Ozone (O3), a pulmonary irritant, and a major toxic component of photochemical smog, is capable of inducing pulmonary inflammation characterized by recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) into the lung. The recruited PMNs, in turn, can release toxic mediators and produce lung injury. The mechanism of ozone-...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0300-483x(98)00024-9
更新日期:1998-05-15 00:00:00
abstract::LoVo adenocarcinoma cells are fairly sensitive to cytostatic drugs, e.g. doxorubicin, but can develop drug resistance by expression of a P-glycoprotein-mediated MDR1 phenotype. LoVo cells respond with apoptosis to nanomolar concentrations of okadaic acid and micromolar concentrations of cantharidic acid. Interestingly...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0300-483x(99)00017-7
更新日期:1999-06-15 00:00:00
abstract::Treatment of Chinese hamster cells with 1 mM tertiary-butylhydroperoxide (t-BuOOH) for 1 h markedly inhibited the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). However, the activity returned to pre-inhibition levels within 1-2 h with post-treatment incubation. The inhibition of the activity of GSH-Px by t-BuOOH was enh...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0300-483x(92)90058-m
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glutathione S-transferases and glutathione play an important role in the detoxification of most toxic agents. In the present study, the protective effects of some antioxidants (L-ascorbic acid (AA), vitamin E (VE) or garlic) on carbon tetrachloride-induced changes in the activity of alanine amino transferase (ALT), as...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0300-483x(01)00429-2
更新日期:2001-08-28 00:00:00
abstract::The therapy of organophosphorus compound (OP) poisoning is still a challenge to clinical toxicologists. To alleviate peripheral respiratory failure oximes, e.g. obidoxime and pralidoxime, are used to reactivate inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with the intention to restore the disturbed neuromuscular function. In...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tox.2010.04.002
更新日期:2010-06-04 00:00:00
abstract::There is a close relationship between the central nervous system activity and bone metabolism. Therefore, methamphetamine (METH), which stimulates the central nervous system, is expected to affect bone turnover. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of METH in bone metabolism. Mice were divided into 3 grou...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tox.2014.01.014
更新日期:2014-05-07 00:00:00
abstract::This review presents a brief and non-comprehensive overview of a representative sampling of some of the broad array of toxicology-related learning, tutorial and information resources now becoming widely available to educators, health professionals, students and the general public in digital media and/or via the Intern...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0300-483x(00)00344-9
更新日期:2001-01-12 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of thallous cation (Tl(+)) on: (a) the production of oxidant species and (b) membrane fluidity were evaluated in human leukemia T cells (Jurkat). After 72 h of incubation in the presence of Tl(+) (5-100 microM), no significant changes in cell viability were observed, although the average cell size was decr...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tox.2006.01.028
更新日期:2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pyrethroids are a class of insecticides involved in different neurological disorders. They cross the blood-brain barrier and exert their effect on dopaminergic system, contributing to the burden of oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease through several pathways. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tox.2006.10.015
更新日期:2007-01-18 00:00:00
abstract::Simultaneous exposure to cadmium and arsenic is highly probable in the urban area of San Luis Potosi, Mexico due to common localization of copper and zinc smelters. Therefore, in this work, rats were intraperitoneally exposed either to cadmium or arsenic alone, or simultaneously to both metals. The effects of these tr...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0300-483x(90)90135-4
更新日期:1990-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since clotrimazole, known as an antifungal drug, exerts diverse actions on cellular functions, it is expected that clotrimazole can be used for other purposes. This antifungal drug protects the cells overloaded with Ca(2+) by A23187, a calcium ionophore. Therefore, the agent may prevent the cells from death induced by...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tox.2006.09.007
更新日期:2006-12-07 00:00:00
abstract::Paracetamol, in toxic doses, is associated with extensive liver damage. This represents one of the common causes of morbidity and mortality in drug poisoning cases. This study was undertaken to investigate the possible potentiation of the hepatoprotective action of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) by cimetidine (CMD), an inhibi...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0300-483x(97)00069-3
更新日期:1997-09-05 00:00:00
abstract::Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal with a long biological half-life in humans and is recognized as a toxic pollutant. Cd is also a potential neurotoxicant and its exposure is associated with olfactory impairment in humans. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of Cd neurotoxicity are not well defined. Adult neurog...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tox.2017.01.013
更新日期:2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::High doses of cephaloridine produce necrosis of renal proximal tubular cells and this nephrotoxicity has been shown to be reduced by piperonyl butoxide (a mixed-function oxidase inhibitor) in rats and rabbits, and potentiated by phenobarbital (a mixed-function oxidase inducer) in rabbits but not rats. Phenobarbital is...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0300-483x(82)90011-7
更新日期:1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A fixed combination of the three components, fructose, cyclosporin A and trifluoperazine (FCAT), was found to protect in the late stage of paracetamol-induced liver cell injury both in vivo and in an in vivo/in vitro system. Rats pre-induced with phenobarbitone were given a paracetamol dose of 1 g/kg i.p. The combinat...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0300-483x(95)03262-e
更新日期:1996-03-18 00:00:00
abstract::The cytotoxicity of CdCl2 and 2 isoforms of hepatic cadmium-metallothionein (CdMT I and II), was investigated using primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. The cell cultures were exposed to cadmium as CdCl2 or as either isoform of CdMT for a 20-h period at concentrations ranging from 50 to 500 ng Cd X ml-1. Cytotoxicity ...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0300-483x(87)90034-5
更新日期:1987-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::There are reports of alterations in the number and functions of the cells of the immune system in patients with metal-on-metal (MOM) orthopaedic implants. These effects have been correlated with elevated chromium levels in the patients' blood. We have investigated the interactions of clinically relevant concentrations...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tox.2007.04.002
更新日期:2007-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::NLRC5, a newly found member of the NLR family and the largest member of nucleotide-binding, has been reported to regulate immune responses and is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We investigated the mechanisms and signaling pathways of NLRC5 in HCC progression. Increased expression of NLRC5, vascular en...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tox.2016.06.012
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Drug hypersensitivity reactions are a daily worry for the clinicians, in particular anaphylactic reactions. The tools allowing a definite diagnosis are few and poorly validated. They include a thorough clinical history, standardized skin tests, reliable biological tests, and sometimes drug provocation tests. These too...
journal_title:Toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tox.2004.12.027
更新日期:2005-04-15 00:00:00