Abstract:
:Sarcopenia, an age-associated decline in skeletal muscle mass coupled with functional deterioration, may be exacerbated by obesity leading to higher disability, frailty, morbidity and mortality rates. In the combination of sarcopenia and obesity, the state called sarcopenic obesity (SOB), some key age- and obesity-mediated factors and pathways may aggravate sarcopenia. This review will analyze the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of SOB. In obese adipose tissue (AT), adipocytes undergo hypertrophy, hyperplasia and activation resulted in accumulation of pro-inflammatory macrophages and other immune cells as well as dysregulated production of various adipokines that together with senescent cells and the immune cell-released cytokines and chemokines create a local pro-inflammatory status. In addition, obese AT is characterized by excessive production and disturbed capacity to store lipids, which accumulate ectopically in skeletal muscle. These intramuscular lipids and their derivatives induce mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by impaired β-oxidation capacity and increased reactive oxygen species formation providing lipotoxic environment and insulin resistance as well as enhanced secretion of some pro-inflammatory myokines capable of inducing muscle dysfunction by auto/paracrine manner. In turn, by endocrine manner, these myokines may exacerbate AT inflammation and also support chronic low grade systemic inflammation (inflammaging), overall establishing a detrimental vicious circle maintaining AT and skeletal muscle inflammation, thus triggering and supporting SOB development. Under these circumstances, we believe that AT inflammation dominates over skeletal muscle inflammation. Thus, in essence, it redirects the vector of processes from "sarcopenia→obesity" to "obesity→sarcopenia". We therefore propose that this condition be defined as "obese sarcopenia", to reflect the direction of the pathological pathway.
journal_name
Ageing Res Revjournal_title
Ageing research reviewsauthors
Kalinkovich A,Livshits Gdoi
10.1016/j.arr.2016.09.008subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-05-01 00:00:00pages
200-221eissn
1568-1637issn
1872-9649pii
S1568-1637(16)30130-1journal_volume
35pub_type
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journal_title:Ageing research reviews
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journal_title:Ageing research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
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journal_title:Ageing research reviews
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journal_title:Ageing research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Ageing research reviews
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journal_title:Ageing research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
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journal_title:Ageing research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Ageing research reviews
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journal_title:Ageing research reviews
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journal_title:Ageing research reviews
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doi:10.1016/j.arr.2014.12.008
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