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Changes in macronutrient, micronutrient, and food group intakes throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy, premenopausal women.

Abstract：

PURPOSE:It is thought that total energy intake in women is increased during the luteal versus follicular phase of the menstrual cycle; however, less is understood regarding changes in diet composition (i.e., macro- and micronutrient intakes) across the cycle. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in macronutrient, micronutrient, and food group intakes across phases of the menstrual cycle among healthy women, and to assess whether these patterns differ by ovulatory status. METHODS:The BioCycle study (2005-2007) was a prospective cohort study of 259 healthy regularly menstruating women age 18-44 who were followed for up to two menstrual cycles. Dietary intake was measured using 24-h dietary recalls, and food cravings were assessed via questionnaire, up to four times per cycle, corresponding to menses, mid-follicular, expected ovulation, and luteal phases. Linear mixed models adjusting for total energy intake were used to evaluate changes across the cycle. RESULTS:Total protein (P = 0.03), animal protein (P = 0.05), and percent of caloric intake from protein (P = 0.02) were highest during the mid-luteal phase compared to the peri-ovulatory phase. There were also significant increases in appetite, craving for chocolate, craving for sweets in general, craving for salty flavor, and total craving score during the late luteal phase compared to the menstrual, follicular, and ovulatory phases (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:Our findings suggest an increased intake of protein, and specifically animal protein, as well as an increase in reported food cravings, during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle independent of ovulatory status. These results highlight a plausible link between macronutrient intake and menstrual cycle phase.

journal_name

Eur J Nutr

journal_title

European journal of nutrition

authors

Gorczyca AM,Sjaarda LA,Mitchell EM,Perkins NJ,Schliep KC,Wactawski-Wende J,Mumford SL

doi

10.1007/s00394-015-0931-0

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2016-04-01 00:00:00

pages

1181-8

issue

eissn

1436-6207

issn

1436-6215

pii

10.1007/s00394-015-0931-0

journal_volume

pub_type

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Changes in macronutrient, micronutrient, and food group intakes throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy, premenopausal women.