Abstract:
:Transcriptional enhancers are short (200-1500 base pairs) DNA segments that are able to dramatically boost transcription from the promoter of a target gene. Originally discovered in simian virus 40 (SV40), a small DNA virus, transcription enhancers were soon also found in immunoglobulin genes and other cellular genes as key determinants of cell-type-specific gene expression. Enhancers can exert their effect over long distances of thousands, even hundreds of thousands of base pairs, either from upstream, downstream, or from within a transcription unit. The number of enhancers in eukaryotic genomes correlates with the complexity of the organism; a typical mammalian gene is likely controlled by several enhancers to fine-tune its expression at different developmental stages, in different cell types and in response to different signaling cues. Here, I provide a personal account of how enhancers were discovered more than 30 years ago, and also address the amazing development of the field since then.
journal_name
Biol Chemjournal_title
Biological chemistryauthors
Schaffner Wdoi
10.1515/hsz-2014-0303subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-04-01 00:00:00pages
311-27issue
4eissn
1431-6730issn
1437-4315pii
/j/bchm.just-accepted/hsz-2014-0303/hsz-2014-0303.journal_volume
396pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Low NO concentrations synthesized by constitutively expressed NO synthases act on several signaling pathways activating transcription factors (TF), such as NF-kappaB or AP-1, and thereby influence gene expression. In contrast, during inflammatory reactions the inducible NO synthase produces NO for prolonged periods of...
journal_title:Biological chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1515/BC.2003.153
更新日期:2003-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Biological chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/hsz-2014-0150
更新日期:2014-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Biological chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Biological chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1998-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Biological chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1997-08-01 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1515/BC.2002.174
更新日期:2002-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Biological chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/BC.2011.034
更新日期:2011-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Biological chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/BC.2009.123
更新日期:2009-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Biological chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1997-12-01 00:00:00
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更新日期:2016-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Biological chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1515/hsz-2015-0298
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Biological chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/BC.2009.046
更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Biological chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1515/BC.2010.076
更新日期:2010-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Biological chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/hsz-2019-0307
更新日期:2020-02-25 00:00:00
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journal_title:Biological chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1515/hsz-2019-0349
更新日期:2019-12-18 00:00:00
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journal_title:Biological chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/BC.2000.070
更新日期:2000-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The efficient execution of apoptotic cell death with the clearance of apoptotic debris by phagocytes is a key regulatory mechanism ensuring tissue homeostasis. Failure in this execution program contributes to the pathogenesis of many human diseases. In this review, we describe the current knowledge regarding the inter...
journal_title:Biological chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1515/BC.2009.048
更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Human septins comprise a family of 13 genes that encode for >30 protein isoforms with ubiquitous and tissue-specific expressions. Septins are GTP-binding proteins that assemble into higher-order oligomers and filamentous polymers, which associate with cell membranes and the cytoskeleton. In the last decade, much progr...
journal_title:Biological chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1515/hsz-2013-0233
更新日期:2014-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Biological chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/bchm.1998.379.4-5.475
更新日期:1998-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Biological chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1515/hsz-2012-0197
更新日期:2012-09-08 00:00:00
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journal_title:Biological chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/BC.2000.143
更新日期:2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::As an important protein, UL31 has been demonstrated to play multiple roles in herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) replication. Previous studies showed that UL31 predominantly locates in the nucleus in chemical fixed cells and live cells, however, the determining mechanisms for its nuclear translocation is not clear. In the...
journal_title:Biological chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Biological chemistry
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2019-06-26 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2017-12-20 00:00:00
abstract::Eukaryotic organisms have evolved complex and robust cellular stress response pathways to ensure maintenance of proteostasis and survival during fluctuating environmental conditions. Highly conserved stress response pathways can be triggered and coordinated at the cell-autonomous and cell-nonautonomous level by proteo...
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1515/hsz-2019-0385
更新日期:2020-08-27 00:00:00