Abstract:
:Despite its theoretical prominence and sound principles, integrated pest management (IPM) continues to suffer from anemic adoption rates in developing countries. To shed light on the reasons, we surveyed the opinions of a large and diverse pool of IPM professionals and practitioners from 96 countries by using structured concept mapping. The first phase of this method elicited 413 open-ended responses on perceived obstacles to IPM. Analysis of responses revealed 51 unique statements on obstacles, the most frequent of which was "insufficient training and technical support to farmers." Cluster analyses, based on participant opinions, grouped these unique statements into six themes: research weaknesses, outreach weaknesses, IPM weaknesses, farmer weaknesses, pesticide industry interference, and weak adoption incentives. Subsequently, 163 participants rated the obstacles expressed in the 51 unique statements according to importance and remediation difficulty. Respondents from developing countries and high-income countries rated the obstacles differently. As a group, developing-country respondents rated "IPM requires collective action within a farming community" as their top obstacle to IPM adoption. Respondents from high-income countries prioritized instead the "shortage of well-qualified IPM experts and extensionists." Differential prioritization was also evident among developing-country regions, and when obstacle statements were grouped into themes. Results highlighted the need to improve the participation of stakeholders from developing countries in the IPM adoption debate, and also to situate the debate within specific regional contexts.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Parsa S,Morse S,Bonifacio A,Chancellor TC,Condori B,Crespo-Pérez V,Hobbs SL,Kroschel J,Ba MN,Rebaudo F,Sherwood SG,Vanek SJ,Faye E,Herrera MA,Dangles Odoi
10.1073/pnas.1312693111subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-03-11 00:00:00pages
3889-94issue
10eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490pii
1312693111journal_volume
111pub_type
杂志文章abstract::We have developed a reliable genetic selection strategy for isolating interacting proteins based on the "hitchhiker" mechanism of the Escherichia coli twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway. This method, designated FLI-TRAP (functional ligand-binding identification by Tat-based recognition of associating proteins),...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0704048106
更新日期:2009-03-10 00:00:00
abstract::We applied an innovation framework to sustainable livestock development research projects in Africa and Asia. The focus of these projects ranged from pastoral systems to poverty and ecosystems services mapping to market access by the poor to fodder and natural resource management to livestock parasite drug resistance....
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0807414106
更新日期:2009-03-31 00:00:00
abstract::Zif268, a zinc finger protein whose mRNA is rapidly activated in cells exposed to growth factors or other signaling agents, is thought to play a role in regulating the genetic program induced by extracellular ligands. We report that Zif268 has one of the characteristics of a transcriptional regulator, namely, sequence...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.86.22.8737
更新日期:1989-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::From our current understanding of the genetic basis of development and pattern formation in Drosophila and vertebrates it is commonly thought that clusters of Hox genes sculpt the morphology of animals in specific body regions. Based on Hox gene conservation throughout the animal kingdom it is proposed that these gene...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.95.6.3030
更新日期:1998-03-17 00:00:00
abstract::Most cells in the well-known pre-B-lymphocyte line 18-81 have correctly assembled genes for both alleles at the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. Only one allele is "active"; the other, "silent" allele contains an amber termination codon. The rate of reversion of this amber codon was determined to be 0.3-1 X 10(-4) pe...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.82.2.479
更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::People who are more avoidant of pathogens are more politically conservative, as are nations with greater parasite stress. In the current research, we test two prominent hypotheses that have been proposed as explanations for these relationships. The first, which is an intragroup account, holds that these relationships ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1073/pnas.1607398113
更新日期:2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Protein kinase C (PKC) and Syk protein tyrosine kinase play critical roles in immune cell activation including that through the high-affinity IgE receptor, FcepsilonRI. Mechanisms by which PKC activation leads to the activation of Ras, a family of GTPases essential for immune cell activation, have been elusive. We pre...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1633695100
更新日期:2003-08-05 00:00:00
abstract::The endosperm of cereal grains is one of the most valuable products of modern agriculture. Cereal endosperm development comprises different phases characterized by mitotic cell proliferation, endoreduplication, the accumulation of storage compounds, and programmed cell death. Although manipulation of these processes c...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1304903110
更新日期:2013-05-07 00:00:00
abstract::Clinical data showing correlations between low thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and high bone turnover markers, low bone mineral density, and an increased risk of osteoporosis-related fractures are buttressed by mouse genetic and pharmacological studies identifying a direct action of TSH on the skeleton. Here ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1308336110
更新日期:2013-06-11 00:00:00
abstract::We present a method for predicting protein folding class based on global protein chain description and a voting process. Selection of the best descriptors was achieved by a computer-simulated neural network trained on a data base consisting of 83 folding classes. Protein-chain descriptors include overall composition, ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.92.19.8700
更新日期:1995-09-12 00:00:00
abstract::The enzymes responsible for the oxidation of n-octane to octanoic acid or beyond in Pseudomonas oleovorans are octane inducible and are coded by genes borne on a transmissible extrachromosomal element. The octane to octanoate enzymes induced by octane are repressed by octanol. The chromosome also carries genes coding ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.70.4.1137
更新日期:1973-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::T7 gene 5 DNA polymerase (gp5) and its processivity factor, Escherichia coli thioredoxin, together with the T7 gene 4 DNA helicase, catalyze strand displacement synthesis on duplex DNA processively (>17,000 nucleotides per binding event). The processive DNA synthesis is resistant to the addition of a DNA trap. However...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0701062104
更新日期:2007-03-27 00:00:00
abstract::Research on tuberculosis and leprosy was revolutionized by the development of a plasmid transformation system in the fast-growing surrogate, Mycobacterium smegmatis. This transformation system was made possible by the successful isolation of a M. smegmatis mutant strain mc(2)155, whose efficient plasmid transformation...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1414207111
更新日期:2014-09-16 00:00:00
abstract::In the cell, proteins are synthesized from N to C terminus and begin to fold during translation. Cotranslational folding mechanisms are therefore linked to elongation rate, which varies as a function of synonymous codon usage. However, synonymous codon substitutions can affect many distinct cellular processes, which h...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1907126117
更新日期:2020-02-18 00:00:00
abstract::The approximately 30-kb coronavirus (+)RNA genome is replicated and transcribed by a membrane-bound replicase complex made up of 16 viral nonstructural proteins (nsp) with multiple enzymatic activities. The complex includes an RNA endonuclease, NendoU, that is conserved among nidoviruses but no other RNA virus, making...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0601708103
更新日期:2006-08-08 00:00:00
abstract::Photosynthetic water splitting, coupled to hydrogenase-catalyzed hydrogen production, is considered a promising clean, renewable source of energy. It is widely accepted that the oxygen sensitivity of hydrogen production, combined with competition between hydrogenases and NADPH-dependent carbon dioxide fixation are the...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1103659108
更新日期:2011-06-07 00:00:00
abstract::The origin of the two-phase (cap, no cap) macroscopic kinetic model of the end of a microtubule is reviewed. The model is then applied to a new theoretical problem, namely, the Mitchison-Kirschner [Mitchison, T. & Kirschner, M. W. (1984) Nature (London) 312, 237-242] experiment in which aggregated microtubules in solu...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.82.12.4127
更新日期:1985-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have used electron microscopy to examine freshly isolated Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli basal flagellar fragments, purified without resort to extremes of pH or ionic strength. Such fragments contain the large bell-like basal structures visualized recently in freeze-substituted or fixed preparations. W...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.89.13.5956
更新日期:1992-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The molecular mechanism of growth hormone release by synthetic somatocrinin was investigated on purified hog anterior pituitary secretory granules; the granules were found to contain a cAMP-dependent protein kinase that catalyzed [gamma-32P]-ATP histone phosphorylation with maximal rates ranging from 1 to 5 nmol of Pi...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.80.21.6538
更新日期:1983-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glutaredoxins (Grxs) have been identified across taxa as important mediators in various physiological functions. A chloroplastic monothiol glutaredoxin, AtGRXS16 from Arabidopsis thaliana, comprises two distinct functional domains, an N-terminal domain (NTD) with GlyIleTyr-TyrIleGly (GIY-YIG) endonuclease motif and a ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1306899110
更新日期:2013-06-04 00:00:00
abstract::We demonstrate remote detection of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with a microchip sensor consisting of a microfluidic channel and a microfabricated vapor cell (the heart of an atomic magnetometer). Detection occurs at zero magnetic field, which allows operation of the magnetometer in the spin-exchange relaxation-fr...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0711505105
更新日期:2008-02-19 00:00:00
abstract::Scientific and engineering innovation is vital for American competitiveness, quality of life, and national security. However, too few American students, especially women, pursue these fields. Although this problem has attracted enormous attention, rigorously tested interventions outside artificial laboratory settings ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1613117114
更新日期:2017-06-06 00:00:00
abstract::An effective plant alkaloid chemical defense requires a variety of transport processes, but few alkaloid transporters have been characterized at the molecular level. Previously, a gene fragment encoding a putative plasma membrane proton symporter was isolated, because it was coordinately regulated with several nicotin...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1108620108
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members interact with inositol trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) Ca(2+)release channels in the endoplasmic reticulum to modulate Ca(2+)signals that affect cell viability. However, the molecular details and consequences of their interactions are unclear. Here, we found that Bcl-xL activates sin...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1517935113
更新日期:2016-03-29 00:00:00
abstract::Many cellular cargoes move bidirectionally along microtubules, driven by teams of plus- and minus-end-directed motor proteins. To probe the forces exerted on cargoes during intracellular transport, we examined latex beads phagocytosed into living mammalian macrophages. These latex bead compartments (LBCs) are encased ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1215462109
更新日期:2012-11-06 00:00:00
abstract::Under anesthesia with sodium pentobarbital, the sciatic nerves of rats were transected bilaterally, and a catheter was inserted into the central end of the left renal artery. After an initial flush, an Alzet pump was attached to the catheter, containing various concentrations of glycyl-L-glutamine (Gly-Gln), methylpre...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.87.23.9495
更新日期:1990-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sinorhizobium meliloti is an alpha-proteobacterium that forms agronomically important N(2)-fixing root nodules in legumes. We report here the complete sequence of the largest constituent of its genome, a 62.7% GC-rich 3,654,135-bp circular chromosome. Annotation allowed assignment of a function to 59% of the 3,341 pre...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.161294398
更新日期:2001-08-14 00:00:00
abstract::We present a proposition, the "poly(L-alanine) hypothesis," which asserts that the native backbone geometry for any polypeptide or protein of M residues has a closely mimicking, mechanically stable, image in poly(L-alanine) of the same number of residues. Using a molecular mechanics force field to represent the releva...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.89.23.11513
更新日期:1992-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Targeted drug delivery critically depends on the binding selectivity of cargo-transporting colloidal particles. Extensive theoretical work has shown that two factors are necessary to achieve high selectivity for a threshold receptor density: multivalency and weak interactions. Here, we study a model system of DNA-coat...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.2003968117
更新日期:2020-09-15 00:00:00
abstract::Classical genetic selection was combined with site-directed mutagenesis to study bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase 3'----5' exonuclease activity. A mutant DNA polymerase with very little (less than or equal to 1%) 3'----5' exonuclease activity was generated. In vivo, the 3'----5' exonuclease-deficient DNA polymerase pro...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.88.6.2417
更新日期:1991-03-15 00:00:00