Abstract:
:We have used electron microscopy to examine freshly isolated Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli basal flagellar fragments, purified without resort to extremes of pH or ionic strength. Such fragments contain the large bell-like basal structures visualized recently in freeze-substituted or fixed preparations. We have found mot (non-motile) mutants produced by lesions in fli genes (G, M, N) in which the bell structures do not coisolate with the flagellar basal body. The coisolation of the bell with the flagellar basal body was unaffected in strains lacking the genes for the motility-associated Mot proteins or for the Che family of proteins, which are necessary for chemotaxis. Proper assembly and interaction of the cytoplasmically located bell with the membrane-associated flagellar basal structures appears to be necessary for motor function. The FliG, FliM, and FliN proteins are thought to form a structural complex responsible for energization and switching of the flagellar motor. Our findings are consistent with the existence of such a complex and imply that it forms part of the flagellar bell.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Khan IH,Reese TS,Khan Sdoi
10.1073/pnas.89.13.5956keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1992-07-01 00:00:00pages
5956-60issue
13eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490journal_volume
89pub_type
杂志文章abstract::We have reported previously that murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DC) pulsed with whole tumor lysates can mediate potent antitumor immune responses both in vitro and in vivo. Because successful therapy was dependent on host immune T cells, we have now evaluated whether the systemic administration of the T c...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.96.5.2268
更新日期:1999-03-02 00:00:00
abstract::Colloidal and sol-gel procedures have been used to prepare heterogeneous catalysts consisting of platinum metal particles with narrow size distributions and well defined shapes dispersed on high-surface-area silica supports. The overall procedure was developed in three stages. First, tetrahedral and cubic colloidal me...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0805691105
更新日期:2008-10-07 00:00:00
abstract::A three-dimensional map of the positions of four idiotypic determinants (idiotopes or Ids) and an isotypic determinant was derived by transmission electron microscopy of negatively stained immune complexes. Each complex was composed of a monoclonal Id-expressing IgG and one or two varieties of monoclonal anti-Id (or a...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.84.14.4984
更新日期:1987-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::4"'-Diazomalonyldigitoxin and its isomer, 3"'-diazomalonyldigitoxin, have been synthesized at high specific radioactivity and used as photolabels for the Na,K-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) purified from Electrophorus electricus. Photoaffinity labeling experiments using both type I and type II complexes of ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.77.8.4529
更新日期:1980-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) gene encodes a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a critical role in basic immunologic processes. To investigate the TNF-alpha regulatory region in the primate lineage, we isolated TNF-alpha promoters from representative great apes, Old World monkeys, and New World monkey...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.97.12.6614
更新日期:2000-06-06 00:00:00
abstract::After encoding, memory traces are initially fragile and have to be reinforced to become permanent. The initial steps of this process occur at a cellular level within minutes or hours. Besides this rapid synaptic consolidation, systems consolidation occurs within a time frame of days to years. For declarative memory, t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0705454104
更新日期:2007-11-20 00:00:00
abstract::We have designed three zinc-finger proteins with different DNA binding specificities. The design strategy combines a consensus zinc-finger framework sequence with previously characterized recognition regions such that the specificity of each protein is predictable. The first protein consists of three identical zinc fi...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.90.6.2256
更新日期:1993-03-15 00:00:00
abstract::Social networks exhibit strikingly systematic patterns across a wide range of human contexts. Although genetic variation accounts for a significant portion of the variation in many complex social behaviors, the heritability of egocentric social network attributes is unknown. Here, we show that 3 of these attributes (i...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0806746106
更新日期:2009-02-10 00:00:00
abstract::Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) represents a serious threat to the health of hospitalized patients. Attempts to reduce the spread of MRSA have largely depended on hospital hygiene and patient isolation. These measures have met with mixed success: although some countries have almost eliminated MRSA o...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0401324101
更新日期:2004-07-06 00:00:00
abstract::We have previously shown that lymphoblasts alloactivated in vitro acquire the capacity of stimulating the autologous mixed lymphocyte response. This response is anti-idiotypic in nature because lymphocytes so primed display accelerated memory responses only when restimulated by autologous lymphoblasts that have been a...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.80.3.830
更新日期:1983-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nearly 500 alkaloids have been detected in skin extracts from frogs of the family Dendrobatidae. All seem to have been sequestered unchanged into skin glands from alkaloid-containing arthropods. Ants, beetles, and millipedes seem to be the source of decahydroquinolines, certain izidines, coccinellines, and spiropyrrol...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.222551599
更新日期:2002-10-29 00:00:00
abstract::The problem of the propagation of conformational changes over long distances or through a closely packed protein is shown to fit a model of a ligand-induced conformational change between two protein states selected by evolution. Moreover, the kinetics of the pathway between these states is also selected so that the en...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.161239298
更新日期:2001-08-14 00:00:00
abstract::Activation of an anticancer innate immune response is highly desirable because of its inherent ability to generate an adaptive antitumor T-cell response. However, insufficient safety of innate immune modulators limits clinical use to topical applications. Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) agonists are favorably positioned a...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1521359113
更新日期:2016-02-16 00:00:00
abstract::In contrast with speciation in terrestrial organisms, marine plankton frequently display gradual morphological change without lineage division (e.g., phyletic gradualism or gradual evolution), which has raised the possibility that a different mode of evolution dominates within pelagic environments. Here, we reexamine ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0902887106
更新日期:2009-12-15 00:00:00
abstract::Field cancerization predisposes the upper aerodigestive tract mucosa to the formation of multiple primary tumors, when exposed to environmental carcinogens. Up-regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor occurs early in squamous cell carcinogenesis and is critical for the loss of growth control in a variety of huma...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.97.8.4227
更新日期:2000-04-11 00:00:00
abstract::The 89-kDa cell surface glycoprotein, P3.58, is detectable on advanced human melanomas in situ but not on benign melanocytes or early melanomas. cDNA cloning of P3.58 from melanoma cells was accomplished by screening a lambda zap expression vector library with monoclonal antibodies produced against the denatured antig...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.86.2.641
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The formation of amyloid fibrils is a common biochemical characteristic that occurs in Alzheimer's disease and several other amyloidoses. The unifying structural feature of amyloid fibrils is their specific type of beta-sheet conformation that differentiates these fibrils from the products of normal protein folding re...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0703793104
更新日期:2007-12-04 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of 6 days' s.c. infusions of angiotensin II at increasing doses was determined on the uptake of rat or human low density lipoprotein (LDL) and of human fibrinogen by aorta in normal and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Rat or human LDL or human fibrinogen was injected i.v. 5 days after the start of infusion...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.91.8.3285
更新日期:1994-04-12 00:00:00
abstract::Using a novel Escherichia coli in vitro decay system in which polysomes are the source of both enzymes and mRNA, we demonstrate a requirement for poly(A) polymerase I (PAP I) in mRNA turnover. The in vitro decay of two different mRNAs (trxA and lpp) is triggered by the addition of ATP only when polysomes are prepared ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.93.23.12926
更新日期:1996-11-12 00:00:00
abstract::The self-organization of multicomponent tetrarosette assemblies into ordered nanostructures on graphite surfaces has been studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Real-space information on the level of individual molecules allowed us to analyze the underlying structure in unprecedented detail. In highly ordered nanor...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.072685399
更新日期:2002-04-16 00:00:00
abstract::Nonspatial theory on pathogen evolution generally predicts selection for maximal number of secondary infections, constrained only by supposed physiological trade-offs between pathogen infectiousness and virulence. Spread of diseases in human populations can, however, exhibit large scale patterns, underlining the need ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0405682101
更新日期:2004-12-28 00:00:00
abstract::Rat liver membrane adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) that has been stimulated more than 10-fold by cholera toxin (choleragen) has a 3-fold greater sensitivity to stimulation by glucagon. Choleragen similarly increases the sensitivity of cyclase to other peptide (ACTH, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide) and nonpeptide (ca...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.72.1.33
更新日期:1975-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The full primary structure of the very potent opioid peptide dynorphin, from porcine pituitary, has been determined. It is (H)Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Ile-Arg-Pro-Lys-Leu-Lys-Trp-Asp-Asn-Gln(OH). The synthetic peptide with this sequence behaves identically to natural dynorphin in a number of ways, and it has the sa...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.78.11.7219
更新日期:1981-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::As countries pursue sustainable development across sectors as diverse as health, agriculture, and infrastructure, sectoral policies interact, generating synergies that alter their effectiveness. Identifying those synergies ex ante facilitates the harmonization of policies and provides an important lever to achieve the...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1817276116
更新日期:2019-11-12 00:00:00
abstract::Integral feedback control is a basic engineering strategy for ensuring that the output of a system robustly tracks its desired value independent of noise or variations in system parameters. In biological systems, it is common for the response to an extracellular stimulus to return to its prestimulus value even in the ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4649
更新日期:2000-04-25 00:00:00
abstract::The gene encoding the glycolytic enzyme triose-phosphate isomerase (TPI; EC 5.3.1.1) has been central to the long-standing controversy on the origin and evolutionary significance of spliceosomal introns by virtue of its pivotal support for the introns-early view, or exon theory of genes. Putative correlations between ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.92.18.8507
更新日期:1995-08-29 00:00:00
abstract::There are two competing hypotheses for the origin of megaliths in Europe. The conventional view from the late 19th and early 20th centuries was of a single-source diffusion of megaliths in Europe from the Near East through the Mediterranean and along the Atlantic coast. Following early radiocarbon dating in the 1970s,...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1813268116
更新日期:2019-02-26 00:00:00
abstract::Rad51 is the primary eukaryotic recombinase responsible for initiating DNA strand exchange during homologous recombination. Although the subject of intense study for over a decade, many molecular details of the reactions promoted by Rad51 and related recombinases remain unknown. Using total internal reflection fluores...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0508366103
更新日期:2006-01-31 00:00:00
abstract::Glutamine-dependent carbamylphosphate synthetase (Escherichia coli) is composed of a heavy subunit (molecular weight about 130,000) and a light subunit (molecular weight about 42,000), which can be separated with retention of catalytic activities. The separated heavy subunit can catalyze activation of CO(2) by ATP and...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.70.10.2717
更新日期:1973-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The interactions between products of the 15-lipoxygenase cascade and human natural killer (NK) cell activity have been studied. Addition of human leukocyte-derived (14R,15S)-14,15-dihydroxy-5Z,8Z,10E,12E-ic osatetraenoic acid (14,15-DiHETE) to the NK cytotoxicity assay against K562 target cells resulted in inhibition ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.81.22.6914
更新日期:1984-11-01 00:00:00