Abstract:
:Clouds on Titan result from the condensation of methane and ethane and, as on other planets, are primarily structured by circulation of the atmosphere. At present, cloud activity mainly occurs in the southern (summer) hemisphere, arising near the pole and at mid-latitudes from cumulus updrafts triggered by surface heating and/or local methane sources, and at the north (winter) pole, resulting from the subsidence and condensation of ethane-rich air into the colder troposphere. General circulation models predict that this distribution should change with the seasons on a 15-year timescale, and that clouds should develop under certain circumstances at temperate latitudes ( approximately 40 degrees ) in the winter hemisphere. The models, however, have hitherto been poorly constrained and their long-term predictions have not yet been observationally verified. Here we report that the global spatial cloud coverage on Titan is in general agreement with the models, confirming that cloud activity is mainly controlled by the global circulation. The non-detection of clouds at latitude approximately 40 degrees N and the persistence of the southern clouds while the southern summer is ending are, however, both contrary to predictions. This suggests that Titan's equator-to-pole thermal contrast is overestimated in the models and that its atmosphere responds to the seasonal forcing with a greater inertia than expected.
journal_name
Naturejournal_title
Natureauthors
Rodriguez S,Le Mouélic S,Rannou P,Tobie G,Baines KH,Barnes JW,Griffith CA,Hirtzig M,Pitman KM,Sotin C,Brown RH,Buratti BJ,Clark RN,Nicholson PDdoi
10.1038/nature08014subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-06-04 00:00:00pages
678-82issue
7247eissn
0028-0836issn
1476-4687pii
nature08014journal_volume
459pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
NATURE文献大全abstract::Schistosoma japonicum is a parasitic flatworm that causes human schistosomiasis, which is a significant cause of morbidity in China and the Philippines. Here we present a draft genomic sequence for the worm. The genome provides a global insight into the molecular architecture and host interaction of this complex metaz...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature08140
更新日期:2009-07-16 00:00:00
abstract::Approximately one-third of all mammalian genes are essential for life. Phenotypes resulting from knockouts of these genes in mice have provided tremendous insight into gene function and congenital disorders. As part of the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium effort to generate and phenotypically characterize 5,...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature19356
更新日期:2016-09-22 00:00:00
abstract:: ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 社论
doi:10.1038/d41586-018-06975-0
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since 1814, when rubella was first described, the origins of the disease and its causative agent, rubella virus (Matonaviridae: Rubivirus), have remained unclear1. Here we describe ruhugu virus and rustrela virus in Africa and Europe, respectively, which are, to our knowledge, the first known relatives of rubella viru...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2812-9
更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Within the substantia nigra, the dendrites of dopaminergic neurons that project to the striatum appear to play an active and nonclassical role in the physiology of the neuron in that they release transmitter and protein, but little is known of the factors controlling release of substances from these dendrites. In this...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/333174a0
更新日期:1988-05-12 00:00:00
abstract::The small martian satellites Phobos and Deimos orbit in synchronous rotation with inclinations of only 0.01 degrees and 0.92 degrees , respectively, relative to the planet's equatorial plane. Thus, an observer at near-equatorial latitudes on Mars could occasionally observe solar eclipses by these satellites (see ref. ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature03437
更新日期:2005-07-07 00:00:00
abstract::There is increasing evidence for the process of sympatric speciation, in which reproductive isolation of species occurs without physical isolation. Theoretical models have focused on disruptive natural selection as the crucial pressure for splitting a species. Here we report the theoretical finding that sympatric spec...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/990087
更新日期:1999-12-02 00:00:00
abstract::Transmission of obligate bacterial symbionts between generations is vital for the survival of the host. Although the larvae of certain hydrothermal vent tubeworms (Vestimentifera, Siboglinidae) are symbiont-free and possess a transient digestive system, these structures are lost during development, resulting in adult ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature04793
更新日期:2006-05-18 00:00:00
abstract::Dynamin is a mechanochemical GTPase that oligomerizes around the neck of clathrin-coated pits and catalyses vesicle scission in a GTP-hydrolysis-dependent manner. The molecular details of oligomerization and the mechanism of the mechanochemical coupling are currently unknown. Here we present the crystal structure of h...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature10369
更新日期:2011-09-18 00:00:00
abstract::T-cell lines established from individuals infected with human T-cell leukaemia virus (HTLV) or generated by co-cultivation of normal human T cells with HTLV-infected T-cells, express class II (HLA-D/DR or Ia) antigens of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptors. Because the express...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/312275a0
更新日期:1984-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::The extinction rate of populations is predicted to rise under increasing rates of environmental change. If a population experiencing increasingly stressful conditions lacks appropriate phenotypic plasticity or access to more suitable habitats, then genetic change may be the only way to avoid extinction. Evolutionary r...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature11879
更新日期:2013-02-28 00:00:00
abstract::The human T-cell leukaemia and differentiation antigen HTA 1 is defined by the monoclonal antibody NA1/34 (ref. 1) and also recognized by the monoclonal antibody OKT6. Like class I products of the human major histocompatibility complex, it has a glycosylated heavy (alpha) chain of approximately 45-50,000 molecular wei...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/308641a0
更新日期:1984-04-12 00:00:00
abstract::All living organisms use ion channels to regulate the transport of ions across cellular membranes. Certain ion channels are classed as voltage-dependent because they have a voltage-sensing structure that induces their pores to open in response to changes in the cell membrane voltage. Until recently, the voltage-depend...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature01473
更新日期:2003-03-13 00:00:00
abstract::At birth the trans-placental nutrient supply is suddenly interrupted, and neonates face severe starvation until supply can be restored through milk nutrients. Here, we show that neonates adapt to this adverse circumstance by inducing autophagy. Autophagy is the primary means for the degradation of cytoplasmic constitu...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature03029
更新日期:2004-12-23 00:00:00
abstract::After an earthquake, numerous smaller shocks are triggered over distances comparable to the dimensions of the mainshock fault rupture, although they are rare at larger distances. Here we analyse the scaling of dynamic deformations (the stresses and strains associated with seismic waves) with distance from, and magnitu...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/437830a
更新日期:2005-10-06 00:00:00
abstract::We have designed a bacterial system that is switched between different states by red light. The system consists of a synthetic sensor kinase that allows a lawn of bacteria to function as a biological film, such that the projection of a pattern of light on to the bacteria produces a high-definition (about 100 megapixel...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature04405
更新日期:2005-11-24 00:00:00
abstract::The site of action of the antispastic drug baclofen has long been considered to reside in the spinal cord although supraspinal effects have also been reported. This beta-chlorophenyl derivative of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) depresses both monosynaptic and polysynaptic transmission in the cord ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/307071a0
更新日期:1984-01-05 00:00:00
abstract::The amount of energy used to run a mile is nearly the same whether it is run at top speed or at a leisurely pace (although it is used more rapidly at the higher speed). This puzzling independence of energy cost and speed is found generally among running animals, although, on a per gram basis, cost is much higher for s...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/346265a0
更新日期:1990-07-19 00:00:00
abstract::Oestrogens are involved in the growth, development and homeostasis of a number of tissues. The physiological effects of these steroids are mediated by a ligand-inducible nuclear transcription factor, the oestrogen receptor (ER). Hormone binding to the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the ER initiates a series of molecul...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/39645
更新日期:1997-10-16 00:00:00
abstract::Transport of fermions, particles with half-integer spin, is central to many fields of physics. Electron transport runs modern technology, defining states of matter such as superconductors and insulators, and electron spin is being explored as a new carrier of information. Neutrino transport energizes supernova explosi...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature09989
更新日期:2011-04-14 00:00:00
abstract::Molecular approaches to understanding the functional circuitry of the nervous system promise new insights into the relationship between genes, brain and behaviour. The cellular diversity of the brain necessitates a cellular resolution approach towards understanding the functional genomics of the nervous system. We des...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature05453
更新日期:2007-01-11 00:00:00
abstract::The tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus)-the only living member of the reptilian order Rhynchocephalia (Sphenodontia), once widespread across Gondwana1,2-is an iconic species that is endemic to New Zealand2,3. A key link to the now-extinct stem reptiles (from which dinosaurs, modern reptiles, birds and mammals evolved), the ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2561-9
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Naive lymphocytes continually enter and exit lymphoid organs in a recirculation process that is essential for immune surveillance. During immune responses, the egress process can be shut down transiently. When this occurs locally it increases lymphocyte numbers in the responding lymphoid organ; when it occurs systemic...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature04606
更新日期:2006-03-23 00:00:00
abstract::The sense of smell is highly evolved in mammals, allowing discrimination between a vast number of odorants, with detection thresholds as low as 10(-17) M (ref. 1). Although several features of mammalian olfactory transduction have been revealed by biochemical and molecular biological studies, the odorant-induced membr...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/366283a0
更新日期:1993-11-18 00:00:00
abstract::Nonrandom chromosome rearrangements, observed in a variety of human and animal tumours, are associated in some cases with enhanced expression or deregulation of cellular oncogenes. Recently, it was shown that normal, diploid rodent cells are neoplastically transformed following transfection with two cooperating oncoge...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/316636a0
更新日期:1985-08-15 00:00:00
abstract::Three Hipparion trails, two from adults and one from a juvenile dating from about 3.5 Myr ago, have now been found in Laetoli. Comparison of the Hipparion footprints with a variety of imprints made by domestic horses showed that the animals moved with a running walk over the soft and slippery soil of Laetoli: in the a...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/308179a0
更新日期:1984-03-08 00:00:00
abstract::Co-development of the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems is a recent evolutionary adaption to terrestrial life that couples cardiac output with the gas exchange function of the lung. Here we show that the murine pulmonary vasculature develops even in the absence of lung development. We have identified a population o...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature12358
更新日期:2013-08-29 00:00:00
abstract::Rapid warming over the past 50 years on the Antarctic Peninsula is associated with the collapse of a number of ice shelves and accelerating glacier mass loss. In contrast, warming has been comparatively modest over West Antarctica and significant changes have not been observed over most of East Antarctica, suggesting ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature11391
更新日期:2012-09-06 00:00:00
abstract::A re-analysis of published data on mouse mutation rates induced by X and gamma rays suggests that the kinetics of induction can be analysed by fitting the data to a parabolic curve. We interpret this to mean that a substantial proportion of the induced mutations results from gross chromosomal changes such as deletions...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/264715a0
更新日期:1976-12-23 00:00:00
abstract::Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a potent pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokine implicated in inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis and the cachexia associated with cancer or human immunodeficiency virus infection. TNF-alpha is initially expressed...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/370555a0
更新日期:1994-08-18 00:00:00