Abstract:
:A substantial proportion of immunologists, microbiologists and health professionals--and, indeed, many dictionaries--currently regard the term pathogen as a synonym for a pathogenic organism (most often a micro-organism). I will argue that this is a distortion of its original meaning--'a specific causative agent of disease'. An analysis of the historical use of the term pathogen together with a comparison of the meanings of pathogen, pathogenic and pathogenesis suggest that this was an insidious change. It began as a convenient abbreviation, escalated into a misappropriation and is now lodged in bio-medicine's popular lexicon. In science, we should resist the pressures brought about by the mass action of common usage--unless there is a good, logical reason to accept this change. I propose that this common usage results in a distortion and leads to conceptual confusion, particularly when we try to understand the interaction between hosts and invasive organisms. This drift, in which pathogen becomes exclusively a living organism, is corrupting. There is a strong case for correcting and reversing it.
journal_name
Scand J Immunoljournal_title
Scandinavian journal of immunologyauthors
Cunliffe Jdoi
10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02130.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2008-08-01 00:00:00pages
120-8issue
2eissn
0300-9475issn
1365-3083pii
SJI2130journal_volume
68pub_type
历史文章,杂志文章abstract::We have depleted lymphocyte subsets in PVG and AO rats with MoAbs 3.2.3 (against NKR-P1 on NK and NK/T cells) and OX-8 (against CD8 on CTL and NK cells), and examined the effect on the killing of YAC-1 target cells in vitro and the effect on the acute rejection of small allogeneic lymphocytes in vivo (allogeneic lymph...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1046/j.1365-3083.2001.00979.x
更新日期:2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The immunological paradox of pregnancy, when maternal immune system recognizes but does not reject the semiallogenic foetus, is not yet fully understood. The aim of this work was to detail the mechanisms of the interaction of decidual CD56+ NK, infiltrating the maternal part of placenta, and trophoblast cells of foeta...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/sji.12196
更新日期:2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Congenital heart block (CHB) is a conduction abnormality that affects hearts of foetuses and/or newborn to mothers with autoantibodies reactive with the intracellular soluble ribonucleoproteins 48-kD La, 52-kD Ro and 60-kD Ro. CHB carries substantial mortality and morbidity, with more than 60% of affected children req...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.2010.02439.x
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::In a previous work the authors demonstrated that immunization with Schistosoma mansoni 28-kDa glutathione-S-transferase (Sm28GST) was able to reduce hepatic damage in infected mice and that the adoptive transfer of Sm28GST-specific T cells reproduced the protective effect obtained with the recombinant molecule. In the...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1046/j.1365-3083.1996.d01-340.x
更新日期:1996-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mammalian C-type serum lectin, mannan-binding protein (MBP), may induce C1q- and antibody-independent activation of the classical pathway of complement. Accordingly, MBP is considered as a member of the complement system. Complement deficiencies have been found with increased frequency in patients with meningococc...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1993.tb03320.x
更新日期:1993-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The homogenates of amyloid-laden spleens prepared from CBA mice were analysed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting employing rat anti-murine monoclonal antibody, MSA 4-26. The results showed that the precursor of amyloid A protein (AA), serum amyloid A protein 2 (SAA2), and SAA intermediates with molecular weights of 10,000...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1987.tb02307.x
更新日期:1987-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::In a well-established murine abortion model, stress is thought to trigger fetal rejection by inducing a proinflammatory immune response via substance P (SP), being tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-producing CD8+ T cells involved. Interestingly, the SP metabolite SP5-11 also binds to SP receptors and mediates SP-like...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.2005.001711.x
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::MicroRNAs play an important role in the modulation of the immune system. T helper 17 (Th17) cells are involved in the modulation of the tumour microenvironment. However, the function of miRNA in Th17 cells in the tumour microenvironment is unclear. In this study, we analysed miR-132 expression in Th17 cells and assess...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/sji.13007
更新日期:2020-12-02 00:00:00
abstract::The superantigen SEA binds to MHC class II molecules and activates a large fraction of T cells as a result of interaction with particular TCR-V beta sequences. MHC class II transfected CHO cells induce a marginal CD4+ T-cell proliferation in the presence of SEA. CHO cells transfected with both MHC class II and LFA-3 (...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1992.tb03096.x
更新日期:1992-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Natural killer (NK) cell responsiveness in the mouse is determined in an education process guided by inhibitory Ly49 and NKG2A receptors binding to MHC class I molecules. It has been proposed that inhibitory signalling in human NK cells involves Abl-1 (c-Abl)-mediated phosphorylation of Crk, lowering NK cell function ...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/sji.12574
更新日期:2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fenugreek is a legume mostly used as a spice in Indian-style cooking. Although it has been used since ancient times, its allergenicity has only been reported in the last two decades. It poses special problems as an emerging and often hidden allergen. Fenugreek exposure may have serious implications also for individual...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02587.x
更新日期:2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The murine primed lymphocyte typing (mPLT) assay, based on the sequential reactivation of specific immunocompetent, alloantigen-reactive T blast cells in secondary mixed leucocyte culture (MLC), has been utilized to define the class II I-EC-subregion-associated lymphocyte-stimulating (LS) determinants of the major his...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1980.tb00230.x
更新日期:1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Antibodies to crude leukocyte interferon (CIF) were bound to Sepharose 4B, and CIF was chromatographed. A relationship between recovered interferon and percentage binding of the antibodies to Sepharose 4B was observed. Highest recovery was obtained when only 50%-85% of th- antibodies were bound. When CIF was subjected...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1977.tb00323.x
更新日期:1977-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Heart failure (HF) is a serious disease syndrome characterized by elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators presume to have significant contribution on disease progression. Galectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins responsible of various physiological functions. Role of galectins in heart failur...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/sji.12826
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::TNF-alpha production has a central role in the development and progression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa septic shock. We have previously shown that P. aeruginosa slime-glycolipoprotein (slime-GLP) is the most potent stimulant compared to P. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS), for TNF-alpha production and NF-kB activatio...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.02053.x
更新日期:2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Human endothelial cells (EC), cultured serum-free, synthesize de novo protein which increasingly bind to agarose beads (an alternative pathway activator), until a plateau phase is reached after 24-48 h. EC synthesize functional C3, C5, C6, C8 and C9, which were detected on co-cultured agarose beads, using relevant pol...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1991.tb02539.x
更新日期:1991-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::IgE levels in cord blood have been investigated as predictors of atopy, but no definitive findings have been made. Other factors, including cells and/or cytokines may serve as predictors of this disease. Cord blood and peripheral blood was obtained at birth and at 7 months of age, respectively, from children (n = 2) w...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02169.x
更新日期:2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Spleens from newborn mice less than 6-7 days of age contain 'naturally occurring' suppressor cell populations that are able to inhibit nonspecifically immune responses of third-party adult spleen cells and alloreactivity in the newborn spleen per se. Isolation of the effectors of this suppressor activity reveals that ...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1983.tb00811.x
更新日期:1983-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The question of whether there is a preferential use of certain V genes in T cells entering an inflamed joint has hitherto been studied mainly using unfractionated cells from synovial fluid and tissue respectively, and no clear answer to the question has yet been provided. Concomitantly, evidence has been provided that...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1992.tb03128.x
更新日期:1992-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Drainage of the thoracic duct resulted in a decrease in the IgA level in rat bile, but at the same time there was an increase in both the total IgM level and the specific IgM antibody activity to Escherichia coli 06 in the bile of animals immunized in the Peyer's patches with these bacteria. The increase in total IgM ...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1986.tb02178.x
更新日期:1986-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) possesses an antimicrobial effect in several animal models of infection. To evaluate a possible effect of G-CSF on the course of pneumococcal meningitis, rabbits infected intracisternally (i.c.) with Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 (n = 7) received 50 microgram/kg of rhG-C...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1046/j.1365-3083.1999.00518.x
更新日期:1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cytokine-immunoglobulin (Ig)-fusion proteins have attracted increasing interest as antitumour agents. Here, we have investigated the antimetastatic and antitumour responses elicited in vivo by mammary adenocarcinoma cells (TS/A) engineered to secrete interleukin (IL)-2-IgG fusion proteins. TS/A cells were transfected ...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,收录出版
doi:10.1046/j.1365-3083.2002.01081.x
更新日期:2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The oral commensal bacterium Streptococcus gordonii has been gathering interest as a candidate live mucosal vaccine delivery vector. S. gordonii has been shown to be capable of activating antigen presenting immune cells in a manner which leads to their activation and maturation, yet the mechanism used by S. gordonii t...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02232.x
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is a chronic enteritis syndrome of ruminants, which is due to infection by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Cutaneous testing with proteins extracted from a mycobacterial culture fluid (johnin-PPD) is currently used to evaluate the cellular immune status. We have compared the componen...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1992.tb03143.x
更新日期:1992-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vitamin D, besides having well-known control functions of calcium and phosphorus metabolism, bone formation and mineralization, also has a role in the maintenance of immune-homeostasis. The immune-regulatory role of vitamin D affects both the innate and adaptive immune system contributing to the immune-tolerance of se...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02127.x
更新日期:2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::To evaluate the level of lymphocyte activation in reactive and rheumatoid arthritis, density gradient-isolated, synovial fluid mononuclear cells were stained with a panel of antisera directed at lymphocyte activation markers using an avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) method. More specifically, we studied the expr...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1986.tb02005.x
更新日期:1986-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) have been shown to have elevated levels of circulating immune complexes (CICs) which correlated with disease activity. Our aim was to assess B cell activity by measuring the amount of and the kappa:lambda chain immunoglobulin light (L) chain ratio in CICs from JIA pati...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01859.x
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Coexistence of amyloid fibril protein AA and homogeneous immunoglobulin light-chain fragments was found in the isolated amyloid fibrils of two patients with amyloidosis secondary to rheumatoid arthritis. The light-chain amyloid fibril protein showed antigenic identity with a light-chain amyloid from a patient with pri...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1976.tb02989.x
更新日期:1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::To investigate the influence of genetic and/or environmental factors in the development and shaping of the human peripheral T cell repertoire the authors studied the T-cell receptor (TCR) V beta usage in 10 adult monozygous (Mz) and nine dizygous (Dz) twin pairs living in a Plasmodium falciparum endemic area in West A...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1046/j.1365-3083.1997.d01-421.x
更新日期:1997-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The immune system of a healthy individual responds vigorously to foreign microbial antigens. However, all potentially immunogenic regions (determinants) within an antigen are not functionally of equal relevance in mediating host immunity against the pathogen. Moreover, some of these antigenic determinants are well pro...
journal_title:Scandinavian journal of immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01891.x
更新日期:2007-02-01 00:00:00