Abstract：
:Sweat and skin surface pH are critical parameters in determining the performance of antiperspirants. The mechanism of action, the so-called 'plug theory' first proposed by Reller and Luedders, involves the expression of eccrine sweat onto the surface of the skin into which the solid antiperspirant salts, typically an aluminium chlorohydrate or zirconium aluminium glycine, dissolve. The resultant acidic 'solution' then diffuses with time into the sweat glands, where it hydrolyses in more alkaline sweat and forms an amorphous metal hydroxide agglomerate that physically plugs the ducts some 20-100 mum into the glands. It is therefore important to understand whether diurnal variations in skin surface pH exist in the axilla, as these may influence strongly the time of day at which antiperspirant should be applied in order to yield maximal protection. Clinical studies demonstrate a significant fall in axillary skin surface pH between the morning (pH = 5.87 +/- 0.23) and the evening (pH = 5.49 +/- 0.23). This diurnal variation in skin surface pH suggests that antiperspirant efficacy will be optimal when products are applied in the morning. In addition, the data suggest a circadian rhythm in axillary skin barrier function, indicating that chronopharmacology, the timing of administration of medication, could be used to optimize treatment of axillary hyperhidrotics using topical administration of anticholinergic drugs.
journal_name
Int J Cosmet Scijournal_title
International journal of cosmetic scienceauthors
Burry J,Coulson HF,Roberts Gdoi
10.1046/j.1467-2494.2001.00092.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2001-08-01 00:00:00pages
207-10issue
4eissn
0142-5463issn
1468-2494pii
ICS092journal_volume
23pub_type
杂志文章abstract：BACKGROUND:The deposit and adherence of particulate matter (PM) from aerial pollution onto the surface of human hair is a poorly studied phenomenon. OBJECTIVES:(i) To reproduce in vitro the deposit of known PM on standardized hair swatches in a closed box, (ii) to compare in vitro data with those obtained under 'real-...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/ics.12416
更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Dandruff is characterized by a flaky, pruritic scalp and affects up to half the world's population post-puberty. The aetiology of dandruff is multifactorial, influenced by Malassezia, sebum production and individual susceptibility. The commensal yeast Malassezia is a strong contributory factor to dandruff formation, b...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00723.x
更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Variable skin pH values are being reported in literature, all in the acidic range but with a broad range from pH 4.0 to 7.0. In a multicentre study (N = 330), we have assessed the skin surface pH of the volar forearm before and after refraining from showering and cosmetic product application for 24 h. The average pH d...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1467-2494.2006.00344.x
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A novel ex vivo technique has been used to assess the sand/rub resistance of topical sunscreens. The technique is based on transmission spectrometry using excised human epidermis as the substrate. The sun protection factors (SPFs) of 10 sunscreen products were measured prior to, and after agitation with sand. It was f...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1467-2494.2000.00027.x
更新日期：2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Although the olfactory receptor OR2AT4 was described as involved in epidermal renewal, there is no data about a cosmetic active ingredient activating this receptor. The aim of this research work was thus to identify a natural molecule binding to this receptor in order to stimulate keratinocyte migration. MET...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/ics.12526
更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Synopsis This paper reports preliminary results of a study carried out on liquid crystal emulsions added to three different inorganic sunscreens: ultrafine zinc oxide, ultrafine titanium dioxide (inorganic-treated) and ultrafine titanium dioxide (organic-treated hydrophobically). The aim of the work was to investigate...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1467-2494.1994.tb00101.x
更新日期：1994-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Axillary wetness represents an unwanted effect of the physiologically vital sweating mechanism, especially when it becomes excessive. Cosmetic products reducing sweat secretion rely on aluminium salts as the active ingredient acting by physically blocking the sweat gland. Driven by the interest to better unde...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/ics.12679
更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Synopsis An historical reference is followed by a review of cosmetic colours' regulations based on the EEC Directive with particular reference to the U.K. Cosmetic Products Regulations and their effect on formulation. ...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1467-2494.1979.tb00217.x
更新日期：1979-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:The aim of this work was to investigate an alternative hair-dyeing method with vegetable colourants as the tannins, as well as the impact of pre-treatment as the bleaching process. METHODS:Untreated, 1, 2 and 3 times bleached hair tresses that were dyed with tannins in combination with metal salts were chara...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/ics.12624
更新日期：2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Summary Nowadays, cosmetic as well as pharmaceutical forms must undergo many controls, i.e. in-process controls on the finished product and stability testing. The authors suggest using first derivative spectroscopy for active ingredients assay presenting an ultra-violet absorption. It offers the advantage of a direct ...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1467-2494.1994.tb00087.x
更新日期：1994-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:In order to comply with the European legislation concerning the risk assessment of skin sensitizers, considerable progress has been made in developing alternative methods, such as human cell line activation test (h-CLAT). H-CLAT is based on cytometric measurement of fluorescence emitted by anti-CD54 and anti...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/ics.12530
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Bromelain is a mixture of proteolytic enzymes found in various tissues of the pineapple plant (Ananas comosus) and other species of Bromeliaceae. Owing to its proteolytic activity, bromelain has been used in the food, medical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, for its cell renewal, anti-ageing, whiteni...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/ics.12308
更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Fading of artificial hair colour has been investigated by simulating actual usage conditions through exposure to artificial radiation in a weatherometer, with 0.35 mW (m(2)nm)(-1) at 340 nm, for 16-48 h, and by periodical washing. Hair colour was produced by using commercial two-part, permanent hair dyes with light au...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1467-2494.2006.00314_3.x
更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Recently, our group reported that extracts prepared from the Australian native plant Terminalia ferdinandiana Exell. are potent inhibitors of the growth malodorous bacteria with similar efficacy to triclosan and through these results, we highlighted a potential biological alternative to the current chemical a...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/ics.12567
更新日期：2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Water homeostasis of the epidermis is important for the appearance and physical properties of the skin, as well as for water balance in the body. It depends on several factors, e.g. barrier quality, uptake of water into the epidermis, concentration of water-retaining humectants, and external humidity. Aquaporins (AQPs...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1468-2494.2007.00402.x
更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Essential oils and certain perfumery raw materials exhibit a wide range of beneficial biological activities. Besides the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, the anti-inflammatory and anti-irritant effects are most often cited. One specific mode of action is the reduction of the formation of the key mediator prosta...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1468-2494.2007.00392.x
更新日期：2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The phase diagram water, phenethyl alcohol and laureth 4 was determined and the variation of the vapour pressure of the alcohol was determined during evaporation using gas chromatographic head-space analysis. The phase changes during evaporation were estimated from the phase diagram and compared to the appearance of t...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1467-2494.1997.171722.x
更新日期：1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Mechanical analysis of human hair may provide the dermatologists with several markers of considerable diagnostic importance. The aim of this study was to analyse the physical and mechanical properties of Tunisian women's hair. METHODS:Surface characteristics were determined with scanning electron microscopy...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/ics.12313
更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Arbutin is an effective agent for the treatment of melanin disorders. Arbutin may be converted to hydroquinone under conditions of high temperature, ultraviolet (UV) radiation and dilute acid. The aim of the current study was to develop an analytical method to determine the levels of arbutin and hydroquinone ...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/ics.12228
更新日期：2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present investigation describes a comparative study for the design of innovative topical formulation for skin hydration. In particular, different colloidal forms based on lipidic components have been produced and characterized. Morphology and dimensional distribution have been investigated by means of electron mic...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1467-2494.2007.00362.x
更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Synopsis An objectivised sensorial method for evaluating the effects of shampoos on the appearance and manageability of the hair is described. Two different shampoos for greasy hair were applied twice weekly for a period of 4 weeks to the right and left sides (split-head tests) of six subjects having greasy hair, the ...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1467-2494.1979.tb00205.x
更新日期：1979-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Vitamin C and peptides are widely used in cosmetic products but there is a paucity of clinical studies showing that the formulations are effective in treating signs of facial ageing. These 3 clinical studies evaluated the effectiveness of an anti-ageing formula containing natural vitamin C (10%), biopeptides ...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/ics.12665
更新日期：2020-10-10 00:00:00
abstract：:Synopsis The self-diffusion of salicylic acid has been monitored radiochemically through pigskins (whole and dermal) and human skins (whole, dermal and epidermal). The effects of pH, temperature and changing dimethyl formamide (DMF) concentration on the penetration of salicylic acid through the various skin membranes ...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1467-2494.1981.tb00292.x
更新日期：1981-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Synopsis A modified procedure for the determination of total N-nitroso compounds in personal care products was evaluated in collaborative studies organized through the UK Cosmetic Toiletry and Perfumery Association (CTPA). The method offers a true 'totals'determination in that a solution of the whole sample is analyse...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1467-2494.1995.tb00127.x
更新日期：1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lower eyelid sags as well as wrinkles represent age-related morphological changes of the skin surface. However, a quantitative method to evaluate lower eyelid sagging has not been previously established. We designed a new quantitative evaluation method that uses non-invasive skin scanning, which is based on the differ...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1467-2494.2005.00282.x
更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The objective of the present work was to evaluate the possible use of Myrosma cannifolia starch L.F. Maranthaceae ('Guapo'), as a raw material in heterogeneous systems or powdered cosmetic and pharmaceutical products formulation. The starch chemical and physical characteristics, physico-chemical properties, and rheolo...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1467-2494.2004.00253.x
更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：SYNOPSIS:Despite the extensive use of topical coatings in cosmetics, their effect on the mechanical properties of human skin and the perception of skin tightness in the form of drying stresses is not well understood. We describe the application of a recently developed substrate curvature technique to characterize stres...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1468-2494.2010.00568.x
更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The vapour pressures of phenethyl alcohol and limonene in their water-in-oil microemulsion region were measured by head space gas chromatography of equilibrated samples. The results showed that the vapour pressure of both fragrance compounds in their mutual solutions without surfactant or water was significantly great...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1467-2494.1998.177054.x
更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Skin acts a major target as well as a principle barrier for topical/transdermal drug delivery. Despite the many advantages of this system, the major obstacle is the low diffusion rate of drugs across the stratum corneum. Several methods have been assessed to increase the permeation rate of drugs temporarily. One simpl...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1467-2494.2005.00264.x
更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cutaneous irritation is a stereotyped response of the skin to any physical or chemical insult. Its main manifestations encompass inflammatory erythema and an alteration of the cutaneous microrelief showing increased roughness, dehydration and erratic desquamation. Several instrumental methods can indirectly assess the...
journal_title：International journal of cosmetic science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1467-2494.2003.00170.x
更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00
