Abstract:
:The beta-galactosidase protein generated by the bacterial LacZ gene is widely used to map gene expression patterns. The ease of its use is only rivaled by green fluorescent protein, which can be used in combination with various other procedures such as immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, or tract tracing. The beta-galactosidase enzymatic reaction potentially provides a more sensitive assay of gene expression than green fluorescent protein. However, the virtual impermeability and tendency to absorb light over a wide range limit the use of the most frequently used beta-galactosidase substrate, X-Gal, in combination with other fluorescent labeling procedures. Here, we provide details on a simple photoactivation procedure that transforms the light-absorbing X-Gal product, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl (BCI) precipitate, into an intensely fluorescent product excited by 488 and 633 nm light. Photoactivation is achieved through exposure to 730 nm near-infrared light emitted from a femtosecond titanium-doped Sapphire laser. Photoactivation of BCI occurs in tissue sections suspended in buffered saline, glycerol, or even embedded in epoxy resin. A protocol for the use of BCI photoactivation is here provided. Importantly, the BCI photoactivated product is photoswitchable, displaying bistable photochromism. This permits the use of the fluorescent product in a variety of co-localization studies in conjunction with other imaging modalities. As with other bistable and photoswitchable products, the BCI reaction product shows concentration quenching at high density and can be degraded by continuous exposure to intense 730 nm illumination. Therefore, care must be taken in developing imaging strategies. Our findings have implications for the use of X-Gal in gene and protein detection and provide a novel substrate for high density digital information storage.
journal_name
Brain Res Bulljournal_title
Brain research bulletinauthors
Matei VA,Feng F,Pauley S,Beisel KW,Nichols MG,Fritzsch Bdoi
10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.11.007subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2006-06-15 00:00:00pages
33-43issue
1eissn
0361-9230issn
1873-2747pii
S0361-9230(05)00479-Xjournal_volume
70pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Administering increasing dosages of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP) (0, 40, or 80 microgram/100 g in oil daily) to ovariectomized female rats treated concurrently with estradiol benzoate (EB) (1 microgram/100 g in oil daily) caused significant, equivalent reduction in lordotic responsiveness in rats maint...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(81)90090-3
更新日期:1981-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Central nervous system habituation in humans was studied using functional magnetic resonance imaging and repeated presentations of single fearful and neutral faces. Habituation of blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) signal during exposure to face stimuli, collapsed over fearful and neutral expressions, was eviden...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(02)00940-1
更新日期:2003-01-30 00:00:00
abstract::Our previous in vivo structure-activity studies suggested that the putative receptors mediating the effects of NPY and NPY2-36 on food intake and body temperature are pharmacologically different [17]. In the present study, we examined and compared dose-related effects of NPY and NPY2-36 on ad lib food intake and recta...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(94)00177-3
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rats self-administered cocaine or received saline during 3 daily 5 h sessions and were euthanized 1 h after the final session. Quantitative in situ hybridization revealed that cocaine self-administration increased levels of preprodynorphin, but not preproenkephalin, c-fos, or zif/268 mRNAs in a patchy pattern in the d...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(95)00049-k
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The microdialysis method was utilized to study the effects of N omega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) and N omega-nitro-D-arginine (D-NNA), an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis from L-arginine and its D-enantiomer, on spontaneous and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-evoked overflow of striatal extracellular dopamine (DA) i...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(94)90021-3
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Endogenous opioids (EO) probably do not modulate endotoxin (LPS)- or interleukin 1 (IL1)-induced fever because naloxone does not prevent its development. Yet, increases in CSF and hypothalamic levels of beta-endorphin have been reported during LPS-and IL1-induced fevers. Since IL1 also reduces the specific binding of ...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(85)90210-2
更新日期:1985-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bilateral inferior olive lesions, produced by systemic administration of the neurotoxin 3-acetylpyridine (3AP) produce a proconvulsant state specific for strychnine-induced seizures and myoclonus. We have proposed that these phenomena are mediated through increased excitation of cerebellar Purkinje cells, through acti...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(90)90118-j
更新日期:1990-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Retinal injuries and diseases are major causes of human disability involving vision impairment by the progressive and permanent loss of retinal neurons. During development, assembly of this tissue entails a successive and overlapping, signal-regulated engagement of complex events that include proliferation of progenit...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.10.016
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microspectrofluorometry has played an important part in the development and understanding of fluorescence techniques for the demonstration of biogenic amines. This paper reviews briefly the techniques currently available for the characterization and localization of biogenic amines, and considers the basic design consi...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(82)90124-1
更新日期:1982-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The susceptibility of the developing brain to hypoxia should depend on the lipid composition of the brain cell membrane; the rate of lipid peroxidation; the presence of antioxidant defenses; and the development and modulation of the excitatory neurotransmitter receptors such as the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(98)00170-1
更新日期:1999-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::A comparative study of the distribution of substance P (SP) and enkephalin (ENK) immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra (SN) of the rat, cat and squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) was undertaken by means of the indirect immunofluorescence technique. In the rat a dense neuronal network composed of fine fibers display...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(84)90133-3
更新日期:1984-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The localization and relative number of serotonergic (5HT) cell bodies in the brainstem of the cat were studied through the use of a specific immunocytochemical technique. A surprisingly large number of 5HT cells were found in regions in addition to the classical raphe nuclei (obscurus, pallidus, magnus, centralis sup...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(84)90003-0
更新日期:1984-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common motor neuron (MN) disease and is clinically characterised by the death of corticospinal motor neurons (CSMNs), spinal and brainstem MNs and the degeneration of the corticospinal tract. Degeneration of CSMNs and MNs leads inexorably to muscle wastage and weakness, ...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.05.023
更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rodent models for the study of neurogenic bladder dysfunction after spinal cord injury (SCI) are difficult to standardize, particularly when evaluating the specific contribution of the SCI to end-organ function. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree of bladder dysfunction associated with a highly reprod...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.02.010
更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present study was conducted to evaluate plasma levels of monoamine neurotransmitter metabolites in spontaneous recurrences of methamphetamine psychosis (i.e., flashbacks). The subjects were 50 physically healthy females comprised of 25 who experienced flashbacks (flashbackers), 18 who did not experienced methamphe...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(96)00340-1
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Functional interactions between the basal ganglia and the perioral area were analyzed by means of electrical brain stimulation in the rat. The first experiment showed that unilateral stimulation of the substantia nigra sensitized the contralateral perioral area for a biting reflex upon its tactile stimulation. This bi...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(91)90241-b
更新日期:1991-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is well known that some epileptic patients does not respond to conventional treatments, despite multiple combination of antiepileptic drugs, and they are therefore considered drug-resistant. For these patients, vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) represents a successful alternative to traditional therapy, and it is gener...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.02.004
更新日期:2007-06-15 00:00:00
abstract::Waxing and waning electrographic responses (augmenting) and primary evoked responses could be induced in restricted regions of hippocampus, thalamus, and skeletal muscle by bipolar, low-frequency (7-10 Hz), low-amplitude (35 mV-4V) stimulation of selected sites within the hippocampus or thalamus of rabbits. Induction ...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(77)90003-x
更新日期:1977-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder affected by amyloid and vascular pathogenesis. Brain insulin resistance (BIR) has been suggested as one of the pathomechanisms of sporadic AD. We investigated how the amyloid and vascular pathogenesis of AD interacts with BIR. We examined...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.02.012
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Space motion sickness (SMS) and spatial orientation and motion perception disturbances occur in 70-80% of astronauts. People select "rest frames" to create the subjective sense of spatial orientation. In microgravity, the astronaut's rest frame may be based on visual scene polarity cues and on the internal head and bo...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(98)00096-3
更新日期:1998-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::Many objective and quantitative methods have been developed to create a procedure or a device to prove, describe and quantify olfactory deficit and anosmia, especially after a head trauma. Electrophysiological testing throughout olfactoelectroencephalography (olfactoEEG) is based on brain activity desynchronisation, a...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.08.004
更新日期:2006-12-11 00:00:00
abstract::Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in cardiothoracic surgery evokes severe brain damages. On the other hand, blood pressure stimuli discontinuation to the brain has been found to induce alterations in neurotransmitter release, including glutamate, in numerous brain regions. Furthermore, it is well established that ex...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.11.006
更新日期:2009-04-29 00:00:00
abstract::Results using radial mazes suggest rats may have a greater short-term memory (STM) capacity than the human "magical number seven." We examined spatial STM in humans using a radial maze analog drawn on paper. Subjects were instructed to lift, in "random" order, each of 17 cardboard flaps arranged radially around a cent...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(93)90058-j
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We studied mitochondria in the satellite cell sheaths which envelope the spinal ganglion neurons of rabbits aged 12, 42, and 79 months. While the mean cytoplasmic volume of satellite cell sheaths did not change significantly with age, the mean percentage of cytoplasmic volume occupied by mitochondria decreased with ag...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(03)00101-1
更新日期:2003-07-15 00:00:00
abstract::The cytoskeleton is the major intracellular structure that determines the morphology of neurons and maintains their structural integrity. It is therefore not surprising that a disturbance of cytoskeletal structure and functionunderlies many neurodegenerative diseases. This special issue brings together current informa...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 社论
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.08.003
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The conditions under which amyloid is toxic to primary rat hippocampal neurons were investigated. Synthetic A beta (1-42) peptide elicited neurotoxic activity following "aging" for 7 to 14 days at 37 degrees C in Modified Eagles Media. Neurotoxicity included decreases in neurite length, cell number, and a loss in 3-[4...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(95)02034-x
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rats were tested for intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) via bipolar electrodes situated throughout the thalamus. Of 112 animals in the study, 55 met the criteria for ICSS, with scores ranging from 55 to 921 bar-presses in a 15 minute session. A map of both positive and neutral placements is presented. Positive sites...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(82)90072-7
更新日期:1982-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::miR-196a is located in the posterior trunk and plays a role in limb development. Here we show that miR-196a is able to induce eye anomaly in Xenopus laevis. Microinjection of synthetic miRNA precursor molecule for mammalian miR-196a into Xenopus embryo is sufficient for miR-196a overexpression during early development...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.12.009
更新日期:2009-04-06 00:00:00
abstract::The present study investigates the protective effects of electroacupuncture (EA) application on cardiac function, while simultaneously exploring the underlying neurobiological mechanisms, in rats that have experienced thoracic surgery-induced stress. Mean arterial and left intraventricular pressures were monitored as ...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.06.008
更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The changes of characteristics of dopamine (D1 and D2) and muscarinic receptors after acute and subacute administration of bicuculline were examined in rat brain. The results demonstrated that in striatal region, the Bmax of D2 receptor was significantly increased with no change of affinity after subacute administrati...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(88)90114-1
更新日期:1988-07-01 00:00:00