Abstract:
:Saturn's largest moon, Titan, remains an enigma, explored only by remote sensing from Earth, and by the Voyager and Cassini spacecraft. The most puzzling aspects include the origin of the molecular nitrogen and methane in its atmosphere, and the mechanism(s) by which methane is maintained in the face of rapid destruction by photolysis. The Huygens probe, launched from the Cassini spacecraft, has made the first direct observations of the satellite's surface and lower atmosphere. Here we report direct atmospheric measurements from the Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS), including altitude profiles of the constituents, isotopic ratios and trace species (including organic compounds). The primary constituents were confirmed to be nitrogen and methane. Noble gases other than argon were not detected. The argon includes primordial 36Ar, and the radiogenic isotope 40Ar, providing an important constraint on the outgassing history of Titan. Trace organic species, including cyanogen and ethane, were found in surface measurements.
journal_name
Naturejournal_title
Natureauthors
Niemann HB,Atreya SK,Bauer SJ,Carignan GR,Demick JE,Frost RL,Gautier D,Haberman JA,Harpold DN,Hunten DM,Israel G,Lunine JI,Kasprzak WT,Owen TC,Paulkovich M,Raulin F,Raaen E,Way SHdoi
10.1038/nature04122keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2005-12-08 00:00:00pages
779-84issue
7069eissn
0028-0836issn
1476-4687pii
nature04122journal_volume
438pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
NATURE文献大全abstract::Deep chlorophyll maxima (DCMs) are widespread in large parts of the world's oceans. These deep layers of high chlorophyll concentration reflect a compromise of phytoplankton growth exposed to two opposing resource gradients: light supplied from above and nutrients supplied from below. It is often argued that DCMs are ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature04245
更新日期:2006-01-19 00:00:00
abstract::The protein coding sequences of most eukaryotic messenger RNA precursors (pre-mRNAs) are interrupted by non-coding sequences called introns. Pre-mRNA splicing is the process by which introns are removed and the protein coding elements assembled into mature mRNAs. Alternative pre-mRNA splicing selectively joins differe...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1038/418236a
更新日期:2002-07-11 00:00:00
abstract::The overexpression of defined transcription factors in somatic cells results in their reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. The extremely low efficiency and slow kinetics of in vitro reprogramming suggest that further rare events are required to generate iPS cells. The nature and identity of these e...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature08285
更新日期:2009-08-27 00:00:00
abstract::Over the past eight hundred thousand years, glacial-interglacial cycles oscillated with a period of one hundred thousand years ('100k world'1). Ice core and ocean sediment data have shown that atmospheric carbon dioxide, Antarctic temperature, deep ocean temperature, and global ice volume correlated strongly with each...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1692-3
更新日期:2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Suppressor of cytokine signalling-2 (SOCS-2) is a member of the suppressor of cytokine signalling family, a group of related proteins implicated in the negative regulation of cytokine action through inhibition of the Janus kinase (JAK) signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signal-transduction pathw...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/35016611
更新日期:2000-06-29 00:00:00
abstract::Because their molecular signatures are often prominent in extracts of sediments, bacteria are thought to be important contributors to petroleum source beds. It has been shown recently, however, that abundances of biomarkers do not always reflect relative contributions to sedimentary organic carbon (Corg). The contrib...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/369224a0
更新日期:1994-05-19 00:00:00
abstract::Unilateral neglect following damage to the right hemisphere of the brain can be characterized by failure of the global attentional mechanisms of the right hemisphere to direct the local detail processors of the left hemisphere towards the contralesional left hemispace. This is suggested by patients who recognize the g...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/27913
更新日期:1998-07-02 00:00:00
abstract::Acetylcholine (ACh) released on vagal stimulation reduces the heart rate by increasing K+ conductance of pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial (S-A) node. Fluctuation analysis of ACh-activated currents in pacemaker tissue showed this to be due to opening of a separate class of K+ channels gated by muscarinic ACh receptors...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/303250a0
更新日期:1983-05-19 00:00:00
abstract::There is a pressing need to develop alternatives to annual influenza vaccines and antiviral agents licensed for mitigating influenza infection. Previous studies reported that acute lung injury caused by chemical or microbial insults is secondary to the generation of host-derived, oxidized phospholipid that potently st...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature12118
更新日期:2013-05-23 00:00:00
abstract::Seasonal influenza epidemics are a major public health concern, causing tens of millions of respiratory illnesses and 250,000 to 500,000 deaths worldwide each year. In addition to seasonal influenza, a new strain of influenza virus against which no previous immunity exists and that demonstrates human-to-human transmis...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature07634
更新日期:2009-02-19 00:00:00
abstract::Humans are able to classify novel items correctly by category; some other animals have also been shown to do this. During category learning, humans group perceptual stimuli by abstracting qualities from similarity relationships of their physical properties. Forming categories is fundamental to cognition and can be ind...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/35089076
更新日期:2001-08-16 00:00:00
abstract::DNA mismatch repair is critical for increasing replication fidelity in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. MutS protein, a member of the ABC ATPase superfamily, recognizes mispaired and unpaired bases in duplex DNA and initiates mismatch repair. Mutations in human MutS genes cause a predisposition to hereditary...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/35037509
更新日期:2000-10-12 00:00:00
abstract::Heritable epigenetic polymorphisms, such as differential cytosine methylation, can underlie phenotypic variation. Moreover, wild strains of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana differ in many epialleles, and these can influence the expression of nearby genes. However, to understand their role in evolution, it is imperative ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature10555
更新日期:2011-09-20 00:00:00
abstract::Many corals bleach as a result of increased seawater temperature, which causes them to lose their vital symbiotic algae (Symbiodinium spp.) - unless these symbioses are able to adapt to global warming, bleaching threatens coral reefs worldwide. Here I show that some corals have adapted to higher temperatures, at least...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/430742a
更新日期:2004-08-12 00:00:00
abstract::The discovery of four new Xenoturbella species from deep waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean is reported here. The genus and two nominal species were described from the west coast of Sweden, but their taxonomic placement remains unstable. Limited evidence placed Xenoturbella with molluscs, but the tissues can be conta...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature16545
更新日期:2016-02-04 00:00:00
abstract::We are in the enviable position of having two distinct drafts of the human genome sequence. Although gaps, errors, redundancy and incomplete annotation mean that individually each falls short of the ideal, many of these problems can be assessed by comparison. Here we present some comparative analyses of these drafts. ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/35057055
更新日期:2001-02-15 00:00:00
abstract::The erosion of mountain belts controls their topographic and structural evolution and is the main source of sediment delivered to the oceans. Mountain erosion rates have been estimated from current relief and precipitation, but a more complete evaluation of the controls on erosion rates requires detailed measurements ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature02150
更新日期:2003-12-11 00:00:00
abstract::Most sensory information destined for the neocortex is relayed through the thalamus, where considerable transformation occurs1,2. One means of transformation involves interactions between excitatory thalamocortical neurons that carry data to the cortex and inhibitory neurons of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) tha...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2512-5
更新日期:2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dynamic access to genetic information is central to organismal development and environmental response. Consequently, genomic processes must be regulated by mechanisms that alter genome function relatively rapidly. Conventional chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments measure transcription factor occupancy, but...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature10985
更新日期:2012-04-11 00:00:00
abstract::Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 persists in a stable latent reservoir, primarily in resting memory CD4(+) T cells. This reservoir presents a major barrier to the cure of HIV-1 infection. To purge the reservoir, pharmacological reactivation of latent HIV-1 has been proposed an...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature14053
更新日期:2015-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::Although the nuclear properties of the late actinides (plutonium, americium and curium) are fully understood and widely applied to energy generation, their solid-state properties do not fit within standard models and are the subject of active research. Plutonium displays phases with enormous volume differences, and bo...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature05647
更新日期:2007-03-29 00:00:00
abstract::During animal development, cells have to respond appropriately to localized secreted signals. Proper responses to Hedgehog, transforming growth factor-beta, epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor/Ras signals require cognate inducible antagonists such as Patched, Dad, Argos and Sprouty. Wnt signals are cr...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/35001615
更新日期:2000-02-17 00:00:00
abstract:: ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/d41586-019-00737-2
更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Contamination of ground waters with water-soluble aromatic hydrocarbons, common components of petroleum pollution, often produces anoxic conditions under which microbial degradation of the aromatics is slow. Oxygen is often added to contaminated ground water to stimulate biodegradation, but this can be technically dif...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/370128a0
更新日期:1994-07-14 00:00:00
abstract::The spectral content of skin vibrations, produced by either displacing the finger across a surface texture1 or passively sensing external movements through the solid substrate2,3, provides fundamental information about our environment. Low-frequency flutter (below 50 Hz) applied locally to the primate fingertip evokes...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1015-8
更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The human transcription factor Sp1 binds upstream of certain viral and cellular promoters and activates initiation of RNA synthesis from these promoters by RNA polymerase II. The Sp1 binding sites of both simian virus 40 and a related monkey promoter contain multiple copies of the sequence GGGCGG, three or four of the...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/312409a0
更新日期:1984-11-29 00:00:00
abstract::The commitment of non-dividing cells (in G0) to enter division can be studied using primary cultures of lymphocytes. The cells are stable in G0 unless stimulated by mitogen such as concanavalin A (Con A). Commitment to enter the division cycle depends on the expression of gene(s) induced by Con A and the synthesis of ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/310143a0
更新日期:1984-07-12 00:00:00
abstract:: ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 评论,新闻
doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07008-6
更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Generalization is a cognitive ability that allows similar stimuli along a given dimension to be treated as equivalents. Insects exhibit high levels of visual generalization. Honeybees trained to recognize complex visual stimuli on the basis of a single feature generalize their choice to novel stimuli sharing that comm...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature02594
更新日期:2004-06-17 00:00:00
abstract::Despite considerable global investment, only 60% of people who live with HIV currently receive antiretroviral therapy. The sustainability of current programmes remains unknown and key incidence rates are declining only modestly. Given the complexities and expenses associated with lifelong medication, developing an eff...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1841-8
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00