Abstract：
:When and how adaptive immunity emerged is one of the fundamental questions in immunology. Accumulated evidence suggests that the key components of adaptive immunity, rearranging receptor genes and the MHC, are unique to jawed vertebrates. Recent studies in protochordates, in particular, the draft genome sequence of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis, are providing important clues for understanding the origin of antigen receptors and the MHC. We discuss a group of newly identified protochordate genes along with some cold-blooded vertebrate genes, the ancestors of which might have provided key elements of antigen receptors. The organization of the proto-MHCs in protochordates provides convincing evidence that the MHC regions of jawed vertebrates emerged as a result of two rounds of chromosomal duplication.
journal_name
Trends Immunoljournal_title
Trends in immunologyauthors
Kasahara M,Suzuki T,Pasquier LDdoi
10.1016/j.it.2003.11.005keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2004-02-01 00:00:00pages
105-11issue
2eissn
1471-4906issn
1471-4981pii
S1471490603003600journal_volume
25pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Modern immunological assays are very sensitive for detection of antigen-specific T cells. These assays are used to detect increased levels of T cells after peptide-based immunotherapy for cancer in an attempt to describe surrogate endpoints correlated with anti-tumor activity. Recent reports demonstrate that determina...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1471-4906(02)00029-7
更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lymph nodes are strategically located throughout the body to allow lymphocytes to efficiently encounter their cognate antigen and become activated. The structure of the lymph nodes is such that B and T lymphocytes each have their own microdomain. This structure is provided by lymph node stromal cells, which also provi...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2011.10.006
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abstract：:Interactions between the T-cell receptor (TCR) and self-peptide-MHC (spMHC) have been hypothesized to modulate T-cell reactivity in the periphery. Recent studies examining CD4+ T-cell responses to spMHC class II describe apparently contradictory findings and arrive at opposite conclusions. One explanation for these se...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s1471-4906(03)00060-7
更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:CD103(+) dendritic cells (DCs) represent the major migratory DC population in the intestinal lamina propria and are believed to play an essential role in the initiation and regulation of mucosal adaptive immune responses. Small intestine (SI) CD103(+) DCs have an enhanced capacity to generate the vitamin A metabolite,...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2011.10.001
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent studies have uncovered sterile alpha motif and HD domain 1 (SAMHD1) as the restriction factor that blocks HIV-1 replication in myeloid cells. In contrast to previously identified HIV-1 restriction factors, SAMHD1 does not meet a countermeasure developed by HIV-1. However, HIV-2 and certain simian immunodeficien...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Protection against pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) by vaccination is often ascribed to the presence of TB-reactive T cells in the lung before infection. Challenging this view, new studies analyzing vaccine-induced T cells in various tissue compartments after parenteral immunization suggest a poor correlation between the p...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2012.01.001
更新日期：2012-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2008.07.004
更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2016.06.005
更新日期：2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although therapy-mediated suppression of HIV-1 is effective and results in a degree of immune reconstitution, the complications resulting from life-long treatment emphasize the need for alternatives. This review discusses the use of structured interruptions in antiviral therapy to induce drug-free periods of immune-me...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1471-4906(00)01809-3
更新日期：2001-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:T-bet was originally described as the key transcription factor defining type 1 T helper (Th) cells. However, it is now clear that it drives the orchestrated generation of effector and memory cells in multiple different lymphocyte lineages. In addition to Th1 cells, CD8 T cells, B cells and some innate lymphocyte popul...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2017.02.003
更新日期：2017-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2011.02.006
更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, lupus) results from immune-mediated damage to multiple organs. Its pathogenesis should be viewed as a series of steps, beginning with impaired immune regulation that permits self-reactive T-B-cell activation, which results in the production of autoantibodies. Activated T and B cells ...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2005.08.013
更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Immunoreceptors are believed to initiate their signaling by association with membrane rafts rich in src-family kinases and other signaling molecules. Although a recent paper casts doubt over this concept, by exposing drawbacks of a commonly used procedure to disturb rafts by cholesterol extraction, several other recen...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 新闻
doi：10.1016/s1471-4906(02)02330-x
更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent advances allow aging-associated changes in B-cell function to be approached at a mechanistic level. Reduced expression of genes crucial to lineage commitment and differentiation yield diminished B-cell production. Moreover, intrinsic differences in the repertoire generated by B-cell precursors in aged individua...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2009.04.005
更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) and SLAM-associated protein (SAP) families have key roles in normal immunity. They have also been implicated in diseases such as immunodeficiencies and auto-immunity. However, recent findings raise issues requiring examination in future investigations of these molec...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.it.2006.03.003
更新日期：2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Three recent studies provide new insight into the mechanisms that promote the differentiation of antigen-primed T cells into the follicular helper T (Tfh) lineage, revealing a key role for the transcription factor TCF-1 in the regulation of the Bcl6-Blimp-1 axis that mediates the divergence between the Tfh and the Th1...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.it.2015.11.001
更新日期：2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The origin of the Toll-like family of receptors pre-dates the evolutionary split between the plant and animal kingdoms. These receptors are remarkably conserved across the taxonomic kingdoms and have fundamental roles in triggering immune responses. How they trigger such responses, and how these mechanisms arose in ev...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s1471-4906(02)00014-5
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The termination of inflammation is governed by endogenous molecules collectively referred to as 'mediators of resolution' of inflammation. There is now strong evidence to suggest that failed resolution may underpin autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and could thus be targeted to decrease inflammation. There are many...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2019.01.007
更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is one of the most successful human viruses, infecting more than 90% of the adult population worldwide and persisting for the lifetime of the host. Individuals with a history of symptomatic primary EBV infection, called infectious mononucleosis, carry a moderately higher risk of developing mul...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.it.2009.03.007
更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) induces a chronic generalized activation of the immune system, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AIDS. This ability of the virus might either be an evolved (adaptive) trait or a coincidental side effect of jumping to a new host species. We argue that selection favo...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2008.04.005
更新日期：2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Macrophage polarization refers to development of a specific phenotype important for tissue homeostasis or host defense in response to environmental cues. Environmental factors that induce macrophage polarization include cytokines and microbial factors produced by pathogens or commensal microbiota. Signaling pathways u...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2012.11.001
更新日期：2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nitrosation of thiol-containing proteins is a mechanism for cell regulation. Nitric-oxide-releasing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NO-NSAIDs) are chemical entities obtained by adding a nitroxybutyl moiety to a conventional NSAID. NO-NSAIDs inhibit inflammation via cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-dependent and -independen...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1471-4906(01)01904-4
更新日期：2001-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Complement is a major defense system of innate immunity and aimed to destroy microbes. One of the central complement regulators is factor H, which belongs to a protein family that includes CFHL1 and five factor H-related (CFHR) proteins. Recent evidence shows that factor H family proteins (factor H and CFHRs) are asso...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2008.04.008
更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Immune suppression by T(reg) cells must be overcome to mount robust and effective anti-pathogen immune responses. A new paper in Immunity from Medzhitov and colleagues shows that IL-1-dependent activation of MyD88 promotes the development of Th1 cells by rendering them impervious to T(reg) cell-mediated inhibition. ...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2014.02.001
更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Homodimeric antibodies devoid of light chains have evolved multiple times through convergent evolution, yet their specific immunological functions remain poorly understood. We survey the molecular and structural features of these antibodies, their immunological functions in host defense, and reflect on the long-standi...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2018.09.008
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In autoimmune disease, a network of diverse cytokines is produced in association with disease susceptibility to constitute the 'cytokine milieu' that drives chronic inflammation. It remains elusive how cytokines interact in such a complex network to sustain inflammation in autoimmune disease. This has presented huge c...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2012.10.003
更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Inducing sustained, robust CD8(+) T cell responses is necessary for therapeutic intervention in chronic infectious diseases and cancer. Unfortunately, most adjuvant formulations fail to induce substantial cellular immunity in humans. Attenuated acute infectious agents induce strong CD8(+) T cell immunity, and are thou...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2016.01.001
更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mast cells are powerful immune modulators of the tissue microenvironment. Within seconds of activation, these cells release a variety of preformed biologically active products, followed by a wave of mediator synthesis and secretion. Increasing evidence suggests that an intricate network of inhibitory and activating re...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2017.01.008
更新日期：2017-09-01 00:00:00
