Abstract：
:Accumulating data support axonal degeneration as the major determinant of irreversible neurological disability in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The extent of axonal injury correlates with the degree of inflammation in active MS lesions and occurs at early stages of disease, indicating that inflammatory demyelination is an important factor behind axon pathology at the relapsing-remitting stage of MS. Axonal loss from disease onset can remain clinically silent for many years, and permanent neurological disability develops when a threshold of axonal loss is reached and the CNS compensatory resources are exhausted. Lack of myelin-derived trophic support due to long term demyelination may cause continuous axonal degeneration in chronic inactive lesions at the secondary-progressive stage of MS. Axonal pathology is not limited to demyelinated lesions, but also extends into normal appearing white matter. The concept of MS as a neurodegenerative disorder has important clinical implications: First, proactive anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory treatment should prevent or delay chronic disability since inflammation influences axonal injury. Second, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying axonal degeneration in MS need to be clarified in order to develop novel neuroprotective therapeutics. Finally, surrogate markers of axonal pathology, such as N-acetyl aspartate, can be used to monitor axonal dysfunction, axonal loss and treatment efficiency in patients with MS.
journal_name
Neurotox Resjournal_title
Neurotoxicity researchauthors
Bjartmar C,Trapp BDdoi
10.1007/BF03033380keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2003-01-01 00:00:00pages
157-64issue
1-2eissn
1029-8428issn
1476-3524journal_volume
5pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:The purpose of this study was to determine whether exposure to an extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF, 50 Hz) affects the outcome of postischemic damage in the hippocampus of Mongolian gerbils. After 10-min bilateral carotid occlusion, the gerbils were continuously exposed to ELF-MF (average magnetic induct...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12640-012-9333-8
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cellular mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection are continuing to be explored, and this paper focuses on some novel discoveries that give further insight into these processes. Oligodendrocytes and activated astroglia are likely generators of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as the tumor necro...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/BF03033166
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To determine whether noradrenergic nerves might have a modulatory role on the sensitivity or reactivity of histaminergic receptor systems in brain, behavioral effects of the respective histamine H1, H2 and H3 antagonists S(+)chlorpheniramine, cimetidine and thioperimide in control adult rats were compared to the effec...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF03033559
更新日期：2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mitochondria are the major site of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in mammalian cells. Moreover, mitochondria produce most of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in nucleated cells. Redox and bioenergetic abnormalities have been seen in mitochondria during the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases....
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12640-019-00044-8
更新日期：2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), the causative agents of botulism, are potent inhibitors of neurotransmitter release from motor neurons. There are currently no drugs to treat BoNT intoxication after the onset of the disease symptoms. In this study, we explored how modulation of key host pathways affects the process of B...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12640-015-9526-z
更新日期：2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Melamine is an industrial chemical that can cause central nervous system disorders including excitotoxicity and cognitive impairment. Its illegal use in powdered baby formula was the focus of a milk scandal in China in 2008. One of our previous studies showed that melamine impaired glutamatergic transmission in rat hi...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12640-015-9570-8
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Reoccurring seasonal cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) persist in many waters, and recent work has shown links between CHAB and elevated risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Quantifying the exposure levels of CHAB as a potential risk factor for ALS is complicated by human mobility, potential pathways...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12640-017-9740-y
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Alzheimer disease (AD) is a major cause of dementia. Several mechanisms have been postulated to explain its pathogenesis, beta-amyloid (A beta toxicity, cholinergic dysfunction, Tau hyper-phosphorylation, oxidative damage, synaptic dysfunction and inflammation secondary to senile plaques, among others. Glial cells are...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/BF03033906
更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the progressive degeneration of brain and spinal cord motor neurons. Ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) dysfunction and oxidative stress have been implicated in ALS pathogenesis. However, it is unknown whether the defects in thes...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12640-015-9532-1
更新日期：2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Impulse control disorders (ICDs) comprise a wide spectrum of abnormal behaviors frequently found in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) receiving antiparkinsonian treatment. Some ICDs share several essential features with substance use disorders. In this work, we have studied the addiction-related gene ankyrin repe...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1007/s12640-014-9504-x
更新日期：2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Salidroside (Sal) is a natural antioxidant extracted from the root of Rhodiola rosea L. that elicits neuroprotective effects in vivo and in vitro. Tyrosol galactoside (Tyr), an analog of Sal, was recently synthesized in our laboratory. The purpose of the current study was to investigate and compare the neuroprotective...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12640-011-9290-7
更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder imposing great threat to an individual's cognitive capability. Mounting evidence suggests that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and AD is closely associated with impaired insulin signalling and glucose metabolism in the brain. Member of the peroxisome proliferato...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12640-020-00258-1
更新日期：2020-07-18 00:00:00
abstract：:Hyperphosphorylated tau is an important pathological agent in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Tau effluxes from the brain to the blood could potentially stimulate the production of naturally occurring antibodies (NAbs). We aimed to investigate whether NAbs to tau (NAbs-tau) was generated in human blood and to figure out the...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12640-020-00161-9
更新日期：2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Depression is a highly prevalent and debilitating non-motor symptom observed during the early stages of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although PD prevalence is higher in men, the depressive symptoms in PD are more common in women. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the development of anhedonic- and depres...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12640-018-9912-4
更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The level of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter essential for processing memory and learning, is lower in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease due to the higher concentration of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. The main compounds used for Alzheimer's treatment are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Quercetin c...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12640-019-00142-7
更新日期：2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The author group has previously established an in vivo subchronic cigarette smoke (CS) exposure rat model, in which the systemic oxidative burden as well as the modulation of local anti-oxidative enzymes in the lung has been demonstrated. Oxidative stress has been shown to induce pro-inflammatory cytokine release, inc...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12640-011-9301-8
更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The original version of this article contained mistakes, and the authors would like to correct them. Some parts of the image in Figure 5 were missing. The correct Figure 5 is shown at the next page. ...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 已发布勘误
doi：10.1007/s12640-018-9982-3
更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The expanding arsenal of transgenic mice has created a powerful tool for investigating the biological mechanisms involved in ototoxicity. However, cisplatin ototoxicity is difficult to investigate in mice because of their small size and vulnerability to death by nephrotoxicity. To overcome this problem, we developed a...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12640-011-9244-0
更新日期：2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Tissue accumulation of L-2-hydroxyglutaric acid (L-2-HG) is the biochemical hallmark of L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (L-2-HGA), a rare neurometabolic inherited disease characterized by neurological symptoms and brain white matter abnormalities whose pathogenesis is not yet well established. L-2-HG was intracerebrally ...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12640-018-9874-6
更新日期：2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The classical motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are preceded by non-motor symptoms in preclinical stages, including cognition impairment. The current drug treatment for PD is palliative and does not meet the clinical challenges of the disease, such as levodopa-induced dyskinesia, non-motor symptoms, and neuro...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12640-015-9566-4
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators are essential for normal nervous system development. Disturbances in the expression timetable or intensity of neurotransmitter signalling during critical periods of brain development can lead to permanent damage. Neuroactive drugs and environmental toxins interfere with neurotrans...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/BF03033568
更新日期：2007-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Organophosphates (OPs) inhibit cholinesterase and hyperactivate the acetylcholinergic nervous system in the brain, causing motor disorders (e.g., tremor and seizures). Here, we performed behavioral and immunohistochemical studies in mice and rats to investigate the tremorgenic mechanism of paraoxon, an active metaboli...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12640-019-0007-7
更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The complexity of the genome is regulated by epigenetic mechanisms, which act on the level of DNA, histones, and nucleosomes. Epigenetic machinery is involved in various biological processes, including embryonic development, cell differentiation, neurogenesis, and adult cell renewal. In the last few years, it has beco...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12640-014-9508-6
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease very different neuronal populations undergo degenerative processes, although the cascades of cellular events leading to death are supposed to be similar. We suggest that the complex pattern of degeneration in Parkins...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF03033793
更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neuronal cell death caused by pathophysiological over-activation of glutamate receptors and the subsequent CaII overloading, has been implicated in neurodegeneration after stroke, cerebral trauma and epileptic seizures. Recent findings suggest that certain progesterone metabolites (neurosteroids) such as allopregnanol...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF03033504
更新日期：2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Deficit schizophrenia is characterized by leaky intestinal tight and adherens junctions and bacterial translocation. Here we examine whether (deficit) schizophrenia is accompanied by leaky paracellular, transcellular, and vascular barriers in the gut and blood-brain barriers. We measured IgA responses to occludin, cla...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12640-019-00054-6
更新日期：2019-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The rate of mitosis of cancer cells is significantly higher than normal primary cells with increased metabolic needs, which in turn enhances the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Higher ROS production is known to increase cancer cell dependence on ROS scavenging systems to counteract the increase...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12640-019-0009-5
更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The possible link between tau phosphorylation and tau assembly in these neurodegenerative diseases known as tauopathies is described. Additionally, this link is supported by an in vitro experiment showing the higher capacity of phosphotau to assemble in some specific conditions; and, by a recently reported experiment ...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/BF03033284
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:C57/BL6 mice were administered either 7.5 mg Fe (II)/ kg or vehicle (saline) postnatally on Days 10-12 after birth. From 64 days of age onwards for 24 days, groups of mice were administered either haloperidol (0.25 or 1 or 2 mg/kg, s.c.) or vehicle (Tween-80). Twenty-four hours after the final injection of either neur...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF03033321
更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Levetiracetam (LVT) is a relatively novel antiepileptic drug (AED) known to act through binding with the synaptic vesicular 2A (SV2A) protein, thus modulating the presynaptic neurotransmitter release. The tryptophan metabolite quinolinic acid (QUIN) acts as an excitotoxin when its brain concentrations reach toxic leve...
journal_title：Neurotoxicity research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12640-017-9836-4
更新日期：2018-05-01 00:00:00
