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Replication of avian, human and swine influenza viruses in porcine respiratory explants and association with sialic acid distribution.

Abstract：

BACKGROUND:Throughout the history of human influenza pandemics, pigs have been considered the most likely "mixing vessel" for reassortment between human and avian influenza viruses (AIVs). However, the replication efficiencies of influenza viruses from various hosts, as well as the expression of sialic acid (Sia) receptor variants in the entire porcine respiratory tract have never been studied in detail. Therefore, we established porcine nasal, tracheal, bronchial and lung explants, which cover the entire porcine respiratory tract with maximal similarity to the in vivo situation. Subsequently, we assessed virus yields of three porcine, two human and six AIVs in these explants. Since our results on virus replication were in disagreement with the previously reported presence of putative avian virus receptors in the trachea, we additionally studied the distribution of sialic acid receptors by means of lectin histochemistry. Human (Sia alpha2-6Gal) and avian virus receptors (Sia alpha2-3Gal) were identified with Sambucus Nigra and Maackia amurensis lectins respectively. RESULTS:Compared to swine and human influenza viruses, replication of the AIVs was limited in all cultures but most strikingly in nasal and tracheal explants. Results of virus titrations were confirmed by quantification of infected cells using immunohistochemistry. By lectin histochemistry we found moderate to abundant expression of the human-like virus receptors in all explant systems but minimal binding of the lectins that identify avian-like receptors, especially in the nasal, tracheal and bronchial epithelium. CONCLUSIONS:The species barrier that restricts the transmission of influenza viruses from one host to another remains preserved in our porcine respiratory explants. Therefore this system offers a valuable alternative to study virus and/or host properties required for adaptation or reassortment of influenza viruses. Our results indicate that, based on the expression of Sia receptors alone, the pig is unlikely to be a more appropriate mixing vessel for influenza viruses than humans. We conclude that too little is known on the exact mechanism and on predisposing factors for reassortment to assess the true role of the pig in the emergence of novel influenza viruses.

journal_name

Virol J

journal_title

Virology journal

authors

Van Poucke SG,Nicholls JM,Nauwynck HJ,Van Reeth K

doi

10.1186/1743-422X-7-38

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2010-02-16 00:00:00

pages

issn

1743-422X

pii

1743-422X-7-38

journal_volume

pub_type

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Replication of avian, human and swine influenza viruses in porcine respiratory explants and association with sialic acid distribution.