Abstract:
BACKGROUND:Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) has been adopted as the most effective treatment against malaria in many endemic countries like Kenya while quinine has remained the second line. The objective of the current study was to assess access to Kenya's policy recommended anti-malarials, ACT and quinine in the public, private and not-for-profit drug outlets in western Kenya. METHODS:A cross-sectional survey using purposive sampling of 288 outlets (126 public, 96 private, 66 not-for-profit) was conducted in western Kenya in two regions with varying Plasmodium falciparum endemicities. Information on access (availability, price, affordability) on ACT and quinine was collected using the WHO and Healthcare Associated Infection (HAI) standardized methodologies for availability, prices and affordability of drugs. From a Ministry of Health database, the following were included in the analyses: one (1) main public hospital, followed by random selection of five hospitals under this main facility. Eight other public outlets under each of the hospitals were selected, to a total of 96. Matching number of private outlets (n = 96), all (66) not-for-profit outlets and additional 30 public health facilities were sampled to get the required sample size of 288. RESULTS:More public 111 (88.1%) and not-for-profit 27 (40.9%) outlets stocked subsidized ACT (artemether-lumefantrine, AL). Other artemisinin-based combinations were widely available for both children 93 (96.9%) and adults 82 (85.0%) in private outlets. Frequent stock-outs were in public in 106 (84%), reporting three times or more stock-outs in three months. Subsidized ACT (AL) was sold at median price of USD 0.94 and 0.75 in private and not-for-profit outlets respectively. The costs was higher than recommended price of USD 0.5 and requiring up to 0.20-0.25 days of disposable income for households in lowest economic status. CONCLUSION:There is low availability of subsidized ACT (AL) and higher frequency of stock-outs in government facilities, while private sector sells AL at higher prices, thus making it less affordable to many households. These factors determine the adherence to the dosing schedules during the treatment course and thus the evaluation of the subsidy policy, its implementation and role in malaria burden in this region is compulsory.
journal_name
Malar Jjournal_title
Malaria journalauthors
Watsierah CA,Ouma Cdoi
10.1186/1475-2875-13-290subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-07-28 00:00:00pages
290issn
1475-2875pii
1475-2875-13-290journal_volume
13pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
MALARIA JOURNAL文献大全abstract:BACKGROUND:Malaria transmission is strongly determined by the environmental temperature and the environment is rarely constant. Therefore, mosquitoes and parasites are not only exposed to the mean temperature, but also to daily temperature variation. Recently, both theoretical and laboratory work has shown, in addition...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1475-2875-13-192
更新日期:2014-05-27 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The clinical use of mefloquine (MQ) has declined due to dose-related neurological events. Next generation quinoline methanols (NGQMs) that do not accumulate in the central nervous system (CNS) to the same extent may have utility. In this study, CNS levels of NGQMs relative to MQ were measured and an early le...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1475-2875-10-150
更新日期:2011-06-06 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Premature death of Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes is considered to favourably influence the clinical course of malaria. Aurothiomalate has previously been shown to trigger erythrocyte death or eryptosis, which is characterized by cell membrane scrambling leading to phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell s...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1475-2875-9-118
更新日期:2010-05-07 00:00:00
abstract::This article reports the changing pattern of US President's Malaria Initiative-funded IRS in sub-Saharan Africa between 2008 and 2015. IRS coverage in sub-Saharan Africa increased from <2 % of the at-risk population in 2005, to 11 % or 78 million people in 2010, mainly as a result of increased funding from PMI. The sc...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1201-1
更新日期:2016-03-08 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Malaria caused by Plasmodium ovale spp. has been neglected by and large from research and has received only little scientific attention during the past decades. Ovale malaria is considered to feature relapses by liver hypnozoites although scientific evidence for this paradigm is scarce. CASE PRESENTATION:He...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12936-018-2226-4
更新日期:2018-02-09 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The susceptibility of anopheline mosquito species to Plasmodium infection is known to be variable with some mosquitoes more permissive to infection than others. Little work, however, has been carried out investigating the susceptibility of major malaria vectors to geographically diverse tropical isolates of ...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1475-2875-6-139
更新日期:2007-10-24 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:KwaZulu-Natal, one of South Africa's three malaria endemic provinces, is nearing malaria elimination, reporting fewer than 100 locally-acquired cases annually since 2010. Despite sustained implementation of essential interventions, including annual indoor residual spraying, prompt case detection using malari...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12936-020-03227-3
更新日期:2020-04-15 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The erythrocytic stage of Plasmodium falciparum parasites in humans is clinically important, as the parasites at this growth stage causes malarial symptoms. Most of the currently available anti-malarial drugs target this stage, but the emergence and spread of parasites resistant to anti-malarial drugs are a ...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12936-019-2642-0
更新日期:2019-01-14 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Zooprophylaxis, the diversion of disease carrying insects from humans to animals, may reduce transmission of diseases such as malaria. However, as the number of animals increases, improved availability of blood meals may increase mosquito survival, thereby countering the impact of diverting feeds. METHODS:C...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1475-2875-2-32
更新日期:2003-09-19 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Despite declining prevalence of malaria in The Gambia, non-adherence to anti-malarial treatment still remains a challenge to control efforts. There is limited evidence on the socio-cultural factors that influence adherence to anti-malarial treatment in pregnancy. This study explored perceptions of malaria in...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1255-0
更新日期:2016-04-11 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In a previous study, severe and cerebral malaria have been connected with acute cochlear malfunction in children, demonstrated by a decrease of transitory evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) reproducibility. This study aims to determine whether cochlear malfunction persists for 4 years after recovery from ...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12936-019-2840-9
更新日期:2019-06-24 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Malaria is a notifiable disease in the Netherlands, a non-endemic country. Imported malaria infections occur regularly among travellers, migrants and visitors. Surveillance data were analysed from 2008 to 2015. Trends in amounts of notifications among risk groups were analysed using Poisson regression. For a...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12936-017-1711-5
更新日期:2017-02-02 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide with over one million deaths annually, particularly in children under five years. This study was the first to examine plasma cytokines, chemokines and cellular immune responses in pre-school Nigerian children infected with Plasmodium falciparum fr...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1186/1475-2875-12-5
更新日期:2013-01-07 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Intravenous injection of mice with attenuated Plasmodium berghei sporozoites induces sterile immunity to challenge with viable sporozoites. Non-intravenous routes have been reported to yield poor immunity. Because intravenous immunization has been considered to be unacceptable for large scale vaccination of ...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1475-2875-9-362
更新日期:2010-12-15 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Currently available diagnostic techniques of Plasmodium falciparum infection are not optimal for non-invasive, population-based screening for malaria. It was hypothesized that a mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach could identify urinary biomarkers of falciparum malaria. METHODS:The study used a ca...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12936-017-1875-z
更新日期:2017-05-30 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Anti-malarial drugs are an important tool for malaria control and elimination. Alongside their direct benefit in the treatment of disease, drug use has a community-level effect, clearing the reservoir of infection and reducing onward transmission of the parasite. Different compounds potentially have differen...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12936-017-1988-4
更新日期:2017-08-16 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential molecule in the energy metabolism of living beings, and it has various cellular functions. The main enzyme in the biosynthesis of this nucleotide is nicotinamide/nicotinate mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT, EC 2.7.7.1/18) because it is the con...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12936-018-2307-4
更新日期:2018-04-11 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The receptors for adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (RBC) in the placenta have been identified as chondroitin-4-sulphate (C4S) proteoglycans, and the more sulphate-rich chondroitin oligosaccharides have been reported to inhibit adhesion. Since the anti-malarial drug chloroquine accum...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1475-2875-8-303
更新日期:2009-12-17 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Kohat district is one of the medium intensity malaria transmission areas in Pakistan where asymptomatic carriers are likely to form a reservoir of infection. This study was done to explore the possibility of using microscopy, rapid diagnostic testing (RDT), real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and RT...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12936-018-2191-y
更新日期:2018-01-22 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Malaria the first causes of death from parasitic infection worldwide. Interventions to reduce the burden of malaria have produced a tremendous drop in malaria morbidity and mortality. However, progress is slower in DRC, which shares with Nigeria 39% of deaths related to malaria globally. Inappropriate use of...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12936-018-2332-3
更新日期:2018-05-03 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The malaria vector Anopheles gambiae is polymorphic for chromosomal inversions on the right arm of chromosome 2 that segregate nonrandomly between assortatively mating populations in West Africa. One such inversion, 2Rj, is associated with the BAMAKO chromosomal form endemic to southern Mali and northern Gui...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1475-2875-6-133
更新日期:2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In the Republic of Korea (ROK), six sibling species of the Anopheles sinensis complex are considered the vector species of malaria, but data on their susceptibilities to malaria and vector capacities have been controversial. The intensive use of insecticides has contributed to the rapid development and sprea...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1475-2875-11-151
更新日期:2012-05-03 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Rosette-formation of Plasmodium falciparum parasitized erythrocytes is of importance in the development of severe malaria. The parasite-derived molecule PfEMP1 (Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1), central to rosetting, is suggested to be included in a multimeric vaccine targeting severe di...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1475-2875-12-32
更新日期:2013-01-24 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Malaria is endemic in the Rajasthali region of the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh and the Rajasthali region is the most endemic area of Bangladesh. Quantifying the role of environmental and socio-economic factors in the local spatial patterns of malaria endemicity can contribute to successful malaria c...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1475-2875-10-367
更新日期:2011-12-15 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Congenital malaria is the direct infection of an infant with malaria parasites from their mother prior to or during birth. Neonatal malaria is due to an infective mosquito bite after birth. Neonatal and congenital malaria (NCM) are potentially life-threatening conditions that are believed to occur at relativ...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12936-018-2327-0
更新日期:2018-04-20 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Prompt and correct diagnosis of malaria is crucial for accurate epidemiological assessment and better case management, and while the gold standard of light microscopy is often available, it requires both expertise and time. Portable fluorescent microscopy using the CyScope offers a potentially quicker, easie...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1475-2875-9-245
更新日期:2010-08-27 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:As in other countries of the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS), the private health sector constitutes a significant avenue where malaria services are provided and presents a unique opportunity for public-private collaboration. In September 2008, a public-private mix (PPM) strategy was launched initially in fou...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12936-017-2104-5
更新日期:2017-11-13 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Early diagnosis and prompt treatment including appropriate home-based treatment of malaria is a major strategy for malaria control. A major determinant of clinical outcome in case management is compliance and adherence to effective antimalarial regimen. Home-based malaria treatment with inappropriate medicin...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1475-2875-7-143
更新日期:2008-07-29 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The merozoite surface protein 1 (msp1) is one of the most studied vaccine candidate genes in mammalian Plasmodium spp. to have been used for investigations of epidemiology, population structures, and immunity to infections. However methodological difficulties have impeded the use of nuclear markers such as m...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1475-2875-12-381
更新日期:2013-10-30 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Mosquito larval control may prove to be an effective tool for incorporating into integrated vector management (IVM) strategies for reducing malaria transmission. Here the efficacy of microbial larvicides against Anopheles gambiae s.l. was tested in preparation for a large-scale larviciding programme in The G...
journal_title:Malaria journal
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1475-2875-6-76
更新日期:2007-06-07 00:00:00