The bare lymphocyte syndrome and the regulation of MHC expression.

abstract：:The tripartite subdivision of lymphocytes into B cells, alphabeta T cells, and gammadelta cells has been conserved seemingly since the emergence of jawed vertebrates, more than 450 million years ago. Yet, while we understand much about B cells and alphabeta T cells, we lack a compelling explanation for the evolutionar...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Hayday AC

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:To combat infection, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster relies on multiple innate defense reactions, many of which are shared with higher organisms. These reactions include the use of physical barriers together with local and systemic immune responses. First, epithelia, such as those beneath the cuticle, in the ali...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Lemaitre B,Hoffmann J

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neutrophils provide the first line of defense of the innate immune system by phagocytosing, killing, and digesting bacteria and fungi. Killing was previously believed to be accomplished by oxygen free radicals and other reactive oxygen species generated by the NADPH oxidase, and by oxidized halides produced by myelope...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Segal AW

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Over a decade has passed since the identification of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the causative agent of AIDS. During this time, HIV has been extensively characterized, and a variety of vaccine constructs and strategies have been explored. For the most part, these have been driven by successes of the past...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Cease KB,Berzofsky JA

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The immune system is composed of single cells, and its function is entirely dependent on the capacity of these cells to traffic, localize within tissues, and interact with each other in a precisely coordinated fashion. There is growing evidence that the large families of chemokines and chemokine receptors provide a fl...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Sallusto F,Mackay CR,Lanzavecchia A

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that control the migratory patterns and positioning of all immune cells. Although chemokines were initially appreciated as important mediators of acute inflammation, we now know that this complex system of approximately 50 endogenous chemokine ligands and 20 G protein-coupled seven...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Griffith JW,Sokol CL,Luster AD

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A host has two methods to defend against pathogens: It can clear the pathogens or reduce their impact on health in other ways. The first, resistance, is well studied. Study of the second, which ecologists call tolerance, is in its infancy. Tolerance measures the dose response curve of a host's health in reaction to a ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Ayres JS,Schneider DS

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review summarizes the general parameters of cell- and antibody-mediated immune protection and the basic mechanisms responsible for what we call immunological memory. From this basis, the various successes and difficulties of vaccines are evaluated with respect to the role of antigen in maintaining protective immu...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Zinkernagel RM

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The discovery of tissue-resident innate lymphoid cell populations effecting different forms of type 1, 2, and 3 immunity; tissue repair; and immune regulation has transformed our understanding of mucosal immunity and allergy. The emerging complexity of these populations along with compounding issues of redundancy and ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Ishizuka IE,Constantinides MG,Gudjonson H,Bendelac A

更新日期：2016-05-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Rejection of transplanted tissue allografts results from T-cell recognition of histocompatibility antigens expressed by cells of the donor graft. This review focuses on the phenotype, specificity, and function of the T cells mediating rejection responses against skin allografts, and on the immune mechanisms by which h...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Rosenberg AS,Singer A

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Stressors ranging from nutrient deprivation to immune signaling can induce the degradation of cytoplasmic material by a process known as autophagy. Increasingly, research on autophagy has begun to focus on its role in inflammation and the immune response. Autophagy acts as an immune effector that mediates pathogen cle...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Kuballa P,Nolte WM,Castoreno AB,Xavier RJ

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The diverse microbial populations constituting the intestinal microbiota promote immune development and differentiation, but because of their complex metabolic requirements and the consequent difficulty culturing them, they remained, until recently, largely uncharacterized and mysterious. In the last decade, deep nucl...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Caballero S,Pamer EG

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:NF-kappa B is a ubiquitous transcription factor. Nevertheless, its properties seem to be most extensively exploited in cells of the immune system. Among these properties are NF-kappa B's rapid posttranslational activation in response to many pathogenic signals, its direct participation in cytoplasmic/nuclear signaling...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Baeuerle PA,Henkel T

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The gastrointestinal tract harbors numerous commensal bacteria, referred to as the microbiota, that benefit host health by digesting dietary components and eliminating pathogens. The intestinal microbiota maintains epithelial barrier integrity and shapes the mucosal immune system, balancing host defense and oral toler...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Kayama H,Okumura R,Takeda K

更新日期：2020-04-26 00:00:00

abstract：:The presence of intestinal intra-epithelial lymphocytes (IEL) has been appreciated for over 100 years. However, until recently, the IEL were thought to be simply another specialized component of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), sharing the same origin as lymphocytes found in other GALT compartments such as t...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Poussier P,Julius M

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:HTLV-I infection is causally associated with a variety of human diseases including leukemia/lymphoma, myelopathy, uveitis, and arthropathy. Tax protein of HTLV-I, which is considered oncogenic, binds to transcription factors or other cytoplasmic cellular molecules involved in the fundamental cell function and thereby ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Uchiyama T

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During the last several years, the mechanism of IFN gamma-dependent signal transduction has been the focus of intense investigation. This research has recently culminated in the elucidation of a comprehensive molecular understanding of the events that underlie IFN gamma-induced cellular responses. The structure and fu...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Bach EA,Aguet M,Schreiber RD

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that have the ability to sense infection and tissue stress, sample and present antigen to T lymphocytes, and induce different forms of immunity and tolerance. The functional versatility of DCs depends on their remarkable ability to translate collectively ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Liu YJ,Soumelis V,Watanabe N,Ito T,Wang YH,Malefyt Rde W,Omori M,Zhou B,Ziegler SF

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The introduction of cloned genes into the germline of mice has been proven to be a powerful tool to investigate the role of the respective gene products within the immune system. Here we summarize the transgenic mouse models that have been established with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I genes. Foreign ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Arnold B,Hämmerling GJ

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Inflammation is an unstable state. It either resolves or persists. Why inflammation persists and the factors that define tissue tropism remain obscure. Increasing evidence suggests that tissue-resident stromal cells not only provide positional memory but also actively regulate the differential accumulation of inflamma...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Buckley CD,Barone F,Nayar S,Bénézech C,Caamaño J

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A family consisting of at least ten distinct novel 8-10 kd cytokines has been identified over the past 12 years. These cytokines exhibit from 20 to 45% homology in amino acid sequence, are probably all basic heparin-binding polypeptides, and have proinflammatory and reparative activities. The cDNA for these cytokines ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Oppenheim JJ,Zachariae CO,Mukaida N,Matsushima K

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent years have witnessed an emergence of interest in understanding metabolic changes associated with immune responses, termed immunometabolism. As oxygen is central to all aerobic metabolism, hypoxia is now recognized to contribute fundamentally to inflammatory and immune responses. Studies from a number of groups ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Colgan SP,Furuta GT,Taylor CT

更新日期：2020-04-26 00:00:00

abstract：:This article outlines my early start in medicine, a late start in immunology research, and my efforts to integrate the two activities. I first describe some of the background information, excitement, and implications of the recognition of T and B cells as separate but functionally intertwined arms of the adaptive immu...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Cooper MD

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Based on T cell subset depletion studies and the analysis of gene knockout mice, it is evident that CD8(+) T cells contribute to resistance against intracellular infections with certain viral, protozoan, and bacterial pathogens. Although they are known primarily for their capacity to kill infected cells, CD8(+) T cell...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Harty JT,Tvinnereim AR,White DW

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Our understanding of the X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP) has advanced significantly in the last two years. The gene that is altered in the condition (SAP/SH2D1A) has been cloned and its protein crystal structure solved. At least two sets of target molecules for this small SH2 domain-containing protein have...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Morra M,Howie D,Grande MS,Sayos J,Wang N,Wu C,Engel P,Terhorst C

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The transmembrane receptor Notch participates in diverse cell fate decisions throughout embryonic development. Notch receptors and their ligands are expressed in the mammalian thymus, raising the possibility that Notch could regulate T cell fate decisions. Expression of a constitutively activated form of Notch in deve...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Robey E

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:T helper cell differentiation occurs in the context of the extracellular cytokine milieu evoked by diverse microbes and other pathogenic stimuli along with T cell receptor stimulation. The culmination of these signals results in specification of T helper lineages, which occurs through the combinatorial action of multi...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Kanno Y,Vahedi G,Hirahara K,Singleton K,O'Shea JJ

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The IL-10 family of cytokines consists of nine members: IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, IL-26, and the more distantly related IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29. Evolutionarily, IL-10 family cytokines emerged before the adaptive immune response. These cytokines elicit diverse host defense mechanisms, especially from epithel...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Ouyang W,Rutz S,Crellin NK,Valdez PA,Hymowitz SG

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:MHC class I molecules are peptide receptors of stringent specificity which however still allow millions of different ligands. This is achieved by the following specificity characteristics summarized as allele specific peptide motifs: Peptides are of defined length, depending on the class I allele (either 8 or 9 residu...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Rammensee HG,Falk K,Rötzschke O

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Licensed vaccines against viral diseases generate antibodies that neutralize the infecting virus and protect against infection or disease. Similarly, an effective vaccine against HIV-1 will likely need to induce antibodies that prevent initial infection of host cells or that limit early events of viral dissemination. ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Mascola JR,Montefiori DC

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00