Abstract：
:Responding maintained under progressive ratio (PR) and fixed ratio (FR 160) schedules of IV saline or cocaine (0.01-4.0 mg/kg) injections was studied in baboons. Each injection was followed by a time-out period which was 3-h with the PR schedule and was either 3 or 12 with the FR schedule. On the PR schedule the ratio requirement was systematically increased each day until reaching the 'breaking point' at which self-injection performance fell below a criterion level (one or zero injections per day). Overall response rates on the PR schedule increased with progressive increases in the ratio until a maximum at which an abrupt reduction in responding occurred. With the 3-h time-out the dose-breaking point function on the PR schedule was similar to the dose-response rate function on the FR schedule. These dose-effect functions were inverted U-shaped curves characterized by a graded ascending limb (0.01-0.32 mg/kg) and a downturn at the highest doses (3.0-4.0 mg/kg). On the FR schedule the downturn in the dose-response rate function was attributable to a cumulative drug effect as revealed by manipulation of time-out duration and analysis of sequential interresponse time distributions and cumulative response records. PR and FR schedules provide similar information about the relative reinforcing efficacy of different cocaine doses.
journal_name
Psychopharmacology (Berl)journal_title
Psychopharmacologyauthors
Griffiths RR,Bradford LD,Brady JVdoi
10.1007/BF00433038subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1979-10-01 00:00:00pages
125-36issue
2eissn
0033-3158issn
1432-2072journal_volume
65pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:The discriminative stimulus (DS) effect of apomorphine was investigated in rats trained in a two-lever, food-reinforcement procedure. Rats were given subcutaneous injections of saline or 0.1 mg/kg apomorphine HCl, 15 min before training sessions. The training dose of apomorphine was chosen to activate dopamine autorec...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00690928
更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Various doses of the non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, MK-801 (0.1-0.5 mg/kg) and ketamine (2.5-10 mg/kg), produced a dose-dependent increase in stereotypic behaviour in naive mice. MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg) and ketamine (2.5 mg/kg) potentiated the stereotypic response of apomorphine (0.1-0.5 ...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02245171
更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of drugs on one aspect of impulsive behaviour were evaluated using a schedule in which rats were trained to complete a fixed consecutive number of responses on one of two levers before pressing the second to obtain a reinforcer (FCN). Terminating the chain before completing the FCN resulted in the omission...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s002130050673
更新日期：1998-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:A growing number of studies have found evidence that anxiety and depressive disorders are associated with atypical amygdala hyperactivation, which decreases with effective treatment. Interest has emerged in this phenomenon as a possible biological marker for individuals who are likely to benefit from tailo...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s00213-006-0542-9
更新日期：2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The rabbit classical eyeblink conditioning paradigm was used to assess the effects of haloperidol on hippocampal function. Haloperidol disrupted hippocampal activity and conditioned responses (CRs) at low but not high conditioned stimulus (CS) intensities. The observed relationship of hippocampal activity and the CR s...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s002130050237
更新日期：1997-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Traditional remedies prepared from Ptychopetalum olacoides (PO) are used throughout the Amazon to alleviate age-related conditions. These formulas are mainly used by elders, and alleged effects may be related to the anticholinesterase properties identified in a standardized ethanol extract of this species [P....
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-008-1272-y
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Doses of eight phenylethylamines were substituted for cocaine on a drug-maintained behavior baseline in baboons. Intravenous infusions of drug were contingent upon completion of 160 lever presses (a 160-response fixed-ratio schedule; FR 160). A 3-h time-out period followed each infusion, permitting a maximum of 8 infu...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00426841
更新日期：1976-11-24 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Interrelationships between the discriminative stimulus and reinforcing properties of psychoactive drugs and the way in which they may interact to control drug intake are unclear. Studies have shown that drug history can influence the expression of drug-produced behavioral effects. OBJECTIVE:The present study...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-006-0364-9
更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Alcoholics report persistent alcohol craving that is heightened by cognitive cues, stressful situations, and abstinence. The role of endogenous cannabinoids in human alcohol craving--though long suspected--remains elusive. MATERIALS AND METHODS:We employed laboratory exposure to stress, alcohol cue, and neu...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-009-1518-3
更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Cue avoidance training (CAT) reduces alcohol consumption in the laboratory. However, the neural mechanisms that underlie the effects of this intervention are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES:The present study investigated the effects of a single session of CAT on event-related and readiness potentials during pr...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-020-05462-7
更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Glucocorticoids have been shown to affect declarative memory, an explicit form of memory for facts and events operated by medial temporal lobe structures. Recent neuroimaging data suggest that the medial temporal lobe (including the hippocampus) is also active in implicit sequence learning. OBJECTIVES:The ai...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s00213-010-2112-4
更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) is an established model for studying compulsive behaviour in rats. Serotoninergic drugs effectively reduce compulsive drinking on SIP, and high compulsive drinker rats selected by SIP have shown differences in serotoninergic brain activity. However, the specific serotoninergi...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-014-3699-7
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Following the stereotaxic implantation of chronic cannulae for intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion, rats were given an alcohol preference test to establish their preferred concentration in comparison with water. After alcohol was removed, 15 mg/kg cyanamide was then injected subcutaneously for 4 days in order to ma...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00444688
更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In order to study experimental alcohol intake that leads to heightened aggression, we established ethanol self-administration in aggressive rats. The focus was on low doses of self-administered ethanol and to assess their effects on aggressive behavior in resident rats, using a limited access paradigm followed by a 5-...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s002130050295
更新日期：1997-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chronic nicotine infusion has been found in a series of studies in our laboratory to significantly improve choice accuracy of rats in the eight-arm radial maze. The current study was designed to compare the effects of chronic nicotine infusion on working and reference memory in a 16-arm radial maze. Nicotine was admin...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02805971
更新日期：1996-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The low rate of success for identifying effective treatments for cognitive dysfunction has prompted recent efforts to improve pharmaceutical discovery and development. In particular, investigators have emphasized improving translation from pre-clinical to clinical research. A specific area of focus has been touchscree...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-015-4012-0
更新日期：2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Zotepine is an antipsychotic drug with proven efficacy for treatment of acute episodes of schizophrenia. Antipsychotic drugs also require to be effective in prevention of recurrence. OBJECTIVE:This trial was designed to compare the effects of zotepine and placebo in the prevention of recurrence of acute epis...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s002130000452
更新日期：2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES:Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) contrast pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) is an increasingly popular technique that allows the non-invasive investigation of spatial and temporal changes in rat brain function in response to pharmacological stimulation in vivo. Rat brain BOL...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00213-005-2213-7
更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rats chronically treated with increasing daily doses of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) for up to 5 or 10 days exhibit a withdrawal-like behavioural response when challenged with clomipramine, a potent inhibitor of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) reuptake, at the time when the next injection of delta 9-THC ...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00431112
更新日期：1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cebus apella monkeys were chronically administered the antipsychotic drug fluphenazine decanoate for periods ranging from 3.5 to 5.5 years. In the present study, four of these monkeys and two controls were tested for cognitive abilities on a spatial learning task, which consisted of an original discrimination and four...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00439554
更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of an acoustic startle response is impaired in schizophrenics. PPI can also be studied in the rat, and is impaired by dopamine (DA) D2/3 receptor agonists such as apomorphine. This disruption is reversed by DA antagonists, leading to proposals that this approach may be a useful means to ident...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02246437
更新日期：1995-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:2Beta-propanoyl-3beta-(4-tolyl)-tropane (PTT) is a cocaine analog which has been shown in rhesus monkeys to have cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects and a long duration of action (>8 h), yet does not function as a reinforcer when substituted for cocaine in monkeys responding under a fixed-interval 5-min sched...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s002130050549
更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:The post-extinction exposure of rats to a sub-conditioning procedure (SCP; i.e., retraining with a shock intensity that is too weak to induce by itself significant fear conditioning) has been reported to provoke the reemergence of extinguished fear. This phenomenon can be prevented by chronic fluoxetine treat...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-012-2806-x
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:The effect of LSD in humans has been described as occurring in two temporal phases. The behavioral effects in rats also occur in two temporal phases: an initial suppression of exploration followed by increased locomotor activity. OBJECTIVES:We decided to investigate this phenomenon from the perspective that ...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-005-2183-9
更新日期：2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Sex differences in the dopaminergic response to psychostimulants could have implications for drug abuse risk and other psychopathology involving the dopamine system, but human data are limited and mixed. OBJECTIVES:Here, we sought to investigate sex differences in dopamine release after oral D-amphetamine ad...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-018-5083-5
更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Cessation of daily caffeine consumption produces a withdrawal syndrome comprised of subjective symptoms and functional impairment. Few controlled studies have examined the physiological effects of caffeine withdrawal. OBJECTIVE:The present study examined the effect of caffeine withdrawal on cerebral blood fl...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s002130050005
更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Evaluation of the efficacy of antidepressant agents needs to take into account factors which increase the "effect size", such as dosage, treatment duration, the use of two-phase trials, and pattern analysis of responders. Although many patients are thought to receive inadequate doses of antidepressants, relatively few...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/BF02246244
更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There is a latency period of several weeks before the onset of clinical effect of antidepressant drugs. The detailed mechanisms underlying drug-induced adaptive neuronal changes are not known. To elucidate the involvement of changes in gene expression of candidate transcription factors, we treated rats for 21 days wit...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s002130000468
更新日期：2000-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:Ayahuasca is a traditional South American psychoactive beverage and the central sacrament of Brazilian-based religious groups, with followers in Europe and the United States. The tea contains the psychedelic indole N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and beta-carboline alkaloids with monoamine oxidase-inhibiting pr...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s00213-007-0963-0
更新日期：2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists induce psychotomimetic effects in humans that closely resemble negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. NMDA agonists, in contrast, may significantly ameliorate such symptoms. In rodents, phencyclidine (PCP) and other NMDA antagonists induce a hyperlocomotory syndrome t...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s002130050168
更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00
