Abstract：
:Evaluation of the efficacy of antidepressant agents needs to take into account factors which increase the "effect size", such as dosage, treatment duration, the use of two-phase trials, and pattern analysis of responders. Although many patients are thought to receive inadequate doses of antidepressants, relatively few dose-response studies have been performed. However, trials of both tricyclic antidepressants and phenelzine have shown that statistically significant improvements in outcome result from the use of higher dosages; the length of treatment may also affect results. In some studies, the proportion of patients showing a clear-cut response increased significantly among patients treated with active drug instead of placebo when the treatment period was extended from 4 to 6 weeks, independent of the dose used. There may thus be a distinct advantage in extending trials of antidepressants for a minimum of 6 weeks. Two-phase drug trials can be used to extend the trial period still further in responding patients, to emphasize the contrast between treatment and placebo effects and to eliminate type-2 errors. Twelve-week trials might increase the statistical power of the evaluation by 10-20%, in studies where the drug effect size is small. Pattern analysis of the timing and duration of patients' responses has been shown to aid the distinction of true responses from non-specific or placebo effects, and may be useful for evaluating data from studies of antidepressant agents which yield ambiguous results.
journal_name
Psychopharmacology (Berl)journal_title
Psychopharmacologyauthors
Quitkin FMdoi
10.1007/BF02246244subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1992-01-01 00:00:00pages
S87-9eissn
0033-3158issn
1432-2072journal_volume
106 Supplpub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：RATIONALE:Although the behavioral effects of systemic injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been extensively investigated, the modulation of these effects by natural environmental factors has received little attention. OBJECTIVES:The present study investigated whether or not locomotor activity reductions and the ...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-003-1554-3
更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Two experiments were carried out on pigeons to assess the effects of acute ethanol (ETOH) administration on a delayed pair comparison procedure. ETOH disrupted performance at the two higher doses (1.0 and 2.0 g/kg, given orally). When the initial (zero delay) performance levels of treated and untreated birds were equa...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00434411
更新日期：1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:The efficacy of methadone for treating heroin dependence derives, in part, from suppression of opiate withdrawal and attenuation of the effects of heroin. OBJECTIVES:The purpose of this double-blind, within-subject, inpatient study was to determine whether larger doses of methadone, which are more effective ...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-002-1027-0
更新日期：2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chronic treatment of rats with the antipsychotic drug molindone (2.5 mg/kg) did not elicit behavioral supersensitivity to apomorphine (AP) (0.25 mg/kg) or increased striatal 3H-spiroperidol binding, whereas treatment with haloperidol (0.5-1.0 mg/kg) produced manifestations of dopaminergic supersensitivity in both para...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00432549
更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of an acoustic startle response is impaired in schizophrenics. PPI can also be studied in the rat, and is impaired by dopamine (DA) D2/3 receptor agonists such as apomorphine. This disruption is reversed by DA antagonists, leading to proposals that this approach may be a useful means to ident...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02246437
更新日期：1995-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Second-generation antipsychotics are the first-line medications prescribed for schizophrenic patients; however, some of them, such as olanzapine and risperidone, may induce metabolic dysfunctions during short-term treatment. Metformin is an effective adjuvant that attenuates antipsychotic-induced metabolic dy...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-020-05524-w
更新日期：2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Two studies were conducted to replicate and extend previous demonstrations of smoking-induced, dose-related reports of euphoria, and to confirm this relationship using measures of plasma nicotine. In experiment 1, overnight-deprived subjects, in three different sessions, smoked ultralow-, high-nicotine, and usual-bran...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02247422
更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Food reward has been associated with activation of noradrenergic mechanisms in the brain. Using rats trained to press a lever for food reward, we have investigated the effects of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions, which severly depleted hypothalamic noradrenaline, on the willingness of the rats to press the lever for food rew...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00427343
更新日期：1979-06-28 00:00:00
abstract：:Previous studies indicate that some aspects of endotoxin-induced sickness behavior in rats may be mediated by interleukin-1 stimulated events and can be attenuated by corticosteroids, cyclooxygenase inhibitors and the interleukin-1-receptor antagonist. In the current studies, we replicate and extend these findings in ...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s002130050353
更新日期：1997-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Fluoxetine (Prozac®) is the most frequently prescribed drug to battle depression in pregnant women, but its safety in the unborn child has not yet been established. Fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, crosses the placenta, leading to increased extracellular serotonin levels and potentially n...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-011-2299-z
更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist, attenuates a wide range of behavioral effects of d-amphetamine, such as the stimulation of motor activity. To investigate the pharmacological selectivity of the naloxone/amphetamine interaction, we assessed the effects of naloxone (5.0 mg/kg SC) upon motor activity induced in r...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02244839
更新日期：1994-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:The elevated plus-maze and the light/dark box are two established anxiety tests in rodents, which are useful to screen putative anxiogenic effects of drugs. OBJECTIVE:Caffeine is well known to promote anxious behaviour in humans and animal models, but the precise site of action of the drug is still a matter ...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s002130050037
更新日期：2000-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A technique is described for studying exploratory as well as stereotyped behaviour in rats using an automated hole-board. Both visual and automated recordings can be employed using the technique. Hole dipping is monitored automatically using an infra-red detector system. Repetitive patterns of hole-dipping are used as...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00426711
更新日期：1977-05-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Acute alcohol administration to rats has in preliminary studies been reported to drastically increase the binding of the benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor antagonist [3H]flumazenil (Ro 15-1788) to central BZ receptors. In the present study the effect of acute alcohol ingestion on the disposition of [11C]flumazenil in the h...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02245135
更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effect of aluminum on levels of inorganic phosphorus and acetylcholinesterase in blood and brain and on permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in different regions of the brain to the neuropeptide delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) was studied in adult rats. Aluminum (100 mg/kg) significantly increased the...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00431689
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Acute diazepam administration has been shown to decrease plasma cortisol levels consistent with decreased activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, especially in individuals experiencing stress. However, the effects of chronic diazepam treatment on cortisol have been less studied, and the relations...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-004-1974-8
更新日期：2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Behavioral and dopamine responses to cocaine are sexually dimorphic: Female rats exhibit higher levels of locomotor and reward-associated behaviors after cocaine administration and dopamine release than do males. Activation of the dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of Mr 32 kDa (DARPP-32) intracellul...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-008-1388-0
更新日期：2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present dose-response study investigated the effects of the benzodiazepine oxazepam (Serax) on anxiety as measured by autonomic and self-report indices in a nonclinical sample. Given Fowles' (1980, 1988) theory that electrodermal activity primarily reflects the activity of the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) wh...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/BF02244346
更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Executive function impairment, as classically assessed using the Wisconsin Card Sort Test or intradimensional/extradimensional tests, is a key feature of schizophrenia but remains inadequately treated by existing therapies. Recently, however, erythropoietin has been shown to improve attentional set-shifting p...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-010-1990-9
更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:We test methods to advance (shift earlier) circadian rhythms without producing misalignment between rhythms and sleep. We previously tested (1) a gradually advancing sleep/dark schedule plus morning bright light and afternoon/evening melatonin and (2) the same sleep schedule with only morning bright light. No...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-012-2869-8
更新日期：2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:First, it was confirmed that systemic injection of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine HBr (30 mg/kg IP) depleted noradrenaline levels in rat heart, but not centrally. Losses averaged 90% of control 1 day after injection, and 50% at 42 days. The same drug and dose was then administered to 50% of a group of rats which had...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00431782
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Stress is associated with cognitive and emotional dysfunction, and increases risk for a variety of psychological disorders, including depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Prefrontal cortex is critical for executive function and emotion regulation, is a target for stress hormones, and is implicated i...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00213-018-5023-4
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Atypical antipsychotic drugs are classically associated with lower propensity to extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) and hyperprolactinemia than typical antipsychotic drugs. It has not been clarified why some atypical antipsychotic drugs, such as amisulpride, induce prolactin plasma concentration (PRL) elevation, b...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-004-1826-6
更新日期：2004-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The place-preference paradigm was evaluated as a measure of morphine's positive reinforcing properties. Previous place-preference studies obtained a morphine place preference of 26%-63%. In order to examine whether differences in procedure may account for this scatter, the present experiment investigated whether there...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00432040
更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of alcohol on locomotor activity of group- and individually-housed mice were studied using direct ethological observations, including a detailed postural analysis and measures of both locomotion and immobility. Ethanol (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg, IP) was given to subjects placed alone in a novel cage, and v...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00464793
更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Somatostatin and its receptors have been localized in brain nuclei implicated in motor control, such as the striatum, nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and globus pallidus (GP). OBJECTIVES:The objective of this study was to investigate the role of somatostatin receptors (sst(1,2,4)) in the GP on dopamine ...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-008-1305-6
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It was shown previously that behavioural effects of apomorphine (locomotor activation and stereotyped behaviour) can be conditioned when they are associated with well-defined environmental stimuli. In the present study, the hypothesis was tested that glutamatergic mechanisms play an important role either in formation ...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02244064
更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Early life exposure to stress and to GABAA receptor modulators have well-defined and persistent behavioral effects. A single neonatal injection of the GABAergic neurosteroid allopregnanolone (3alpha-hydroxy,5alpha-pregnane-20-one, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) alters the localization of prefrontal cortex (PFC) interneurons...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-006-0360-0
更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Cannabinoid CB1 receptors are expressed in the prefrontal cortex, but their role in mediating executive functions such as behavioral flexibility is unclear. OBJECTIVE:The present study examined the effect of pharmacological activation or blockade of the cannabinoid CB1 receptors on behavioral flexibility usi...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-006-0421-4
更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The serotonin (5-HT) deficiency hypothesis of aggression is being seriously challenged by pharmacological data showing robust anti-aggressive effects of 5-HT1A receptor agonists in dose ranges that concomitantly inhibit 5-HT neurotransmission. Hence, an adequate interpretation of the role of 5-HT activity in...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-015-4173-x
更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00
