Abstract:
:The paradigm for classic vaccines has been to mimic natural infection, and their success relies mostly on the induction of neutralizing antibodies followed by long-lasting immunity. The outcome of aggressive chronic infections such as HIV and HCV, the reappearance of fastidious diseases such as tuberculosis and the progression of cancer growth suggest that natural immune responses are definitely insufficient in many cases. A new paradigm is needed to design and develop a new high-efficiency generation of vaccines ideally able to surpass the capabilities of natural immune responses. In vitro evolution is a new, important laboratory method to evolve molecules with desired properties, which appears as an appealing alternative to achieve this goal. In its battle against disease, the vertebrate immune system triggers a series of well-known molecular events in order to produce protective neutralizing antibodies. This natural in vivo response shares remarkable similarities with the in vitro technique known as molecular breeding or "DNA shuffling." This method exploits the recombination between genes to dramatically accelerate the rate at which genes can be evolved under selection pressure in the laboratory, producing optimized high-efficiency mutant proteins. Since new generation vaccines are aimed to overcome natural selection and environmental pressures to fully inactivate rapidly developing pathogen variants, they could be engineered, developed and selected through the application of directed DNA shuffling procedures. This review highlights the potential of the procedure in the complex context of natural immune responses and the equilibrium and interaction existing in nature between hosts and pathogens.
journal_name
Biotechnol Advjournal_title
Biotechnology advancesauthors
Marshall SHdoi
10.1016/s0734-9750(02)00015-0subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2002-11-01 00:00:00pages
229-38issue
3-4eissn
0734-9750issn
1873-1899pii
S0734975002000150journal_volume
20pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Product inhibition of cellulolytic enzymes affects the efficiency of the biocatalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol and other valuable products. New strategies that focus on reactor designs encompassing product removal, notably glucose removal, during enzymatic cellulose conversion are required for ...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.02.005
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Genetically engineered stem cells aid in dissecting basic cell function and are valuable tools for drug discovery, in vivo cell tracking, and gene therapy. Gene transfer into pluripotent stem cells has been a challenge due to their intrinsic feature of growing in clusters and hence not amenable to common gene delivery...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.07.003
更新日期:2013-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::The diversity of natural compounds is essential for their mechanism of action. The source, structures and structure activity relationship of natural compounds contributed to the development of new classes of chemotherapy agents for over 40 years. The availability of combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput screenin...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.04.009
更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is nowadays no single fully satisfactory method for VOC removal from indoor air due to the difficulties linked to the very low concentration (microg m(-3) range), diversity, and variability at which VOCs are typically found in the indoor environment. Although biological methods have shown a certain potential for...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.03.005
更新日期:2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted to the environment highly probably result in ecological and health risks. Many biotechnologies for waste gases containing hydrophobic VOCs have been developed in recent years. However, these biological processes usually exhibit poor removal performances for hydrophobic VOCs du...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.06.007
更新日期:2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Selenium is an essential trace element needed for all living organisms. Despite its essentiality, selenium is a potential toxic element to natural ecosystems due to its bioaccumulation potential. Though selenium is found naturally in the earth's crust, especially in carbonate rocks and volcanic and sedimentary soils, ...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.05.005
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The use of somatic embryos as artificial seeds for large scale clonal propagation of plants is close to becoming a reality. The quality of the artificial seed depends on the temporal, quantitative and qualitative supply of growth regulator and nutrients along with an optimal physical environment. Desiccation of somati...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0734-9750(92)90301-o
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This work reviews applications of high added value molecules produced from microalgae. Older forms of valorization - health food and quality feed, polyunsaturated fatty acids, pigments, carbohydrates - are currently penetrating their markets. They are driven by desirable properties: texturer and dye for food industry,...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107545
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Interest in biobutanol, a sustainable vehicle fuel, is increasing due to rising oil prices and concerns of surrounding climate change and the energy crisis. However, the costs of biobutanol with conventional ABE fermentation by Clostridium are higher than the cost of butanol from today's petrochemical processes. Two m...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.05.015
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Malolactic fermentation (MLF) in wine can be accomplished by relying on the natural microflora or by inducing through inoculation of a specific strain(s) of malolactic bacteria, primarily strains of Leuconostoc oenos. Problems with inducing MLF include intrinsic factors of the grape must such as pH, presence of sulfur...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0734-9750(89)90179-1
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pigments (mainly carotenoids) are important nutraceuticals known for their potent anti-oxidant activities and have been used extensively as high end health supplements. Microalgae are the most promising sources of natural carotenoids and are devoid of the toxic effects associated with synthetic derivatives. Compared t...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.09.009
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The marine ecosystem is still an untapped reservoir of biologically active compounds, which have considerable potential to supply food ingredients towards development of new functional foods. With the goal of increasing the availability and chemical diversity of functional marine ingredients, much research has been de...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.03.006
更新日期:2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) is a process that uses electricity as an energy source for driving the production of chemicals and fuels using microorganisms and CO2 or organics as carbon sources. The development of this highly interdisciplinary technology on the interface between biotechnology and electrochemistry r...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.03.002
更新日期:2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pichia pastoris, a methylotrophic yeast, is an established system for the production of heterologous proteins, particularly biopharmaceuticals and industrial enzymes. To maximise and optimise the production of recombinant products, recent molecular research has focused on numerous issues including the design of expres...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.05.008
更新日期:2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bovine chymosin, an aspartyl protease extracted from abomasum of suckling calves, is synthesized in vivo as preprochymosin and secreted as prochymosin which is autocatalytically activated to chymosin. Chymosin is bilobular, with Asp 32 and Asp 215 acting as the catalytic residues. Chymosin A and chymosin B have pH opt...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0734-9750(99)00010-5
更新日期:1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Osteochondral defect management and repair remain a significant challenge in orthopedic surgery. Osteochondral defects contain damage to both the articular cartilage as well as the underlying subchondral bone. In order to repair an osteochondral defect the needs of the bone, cartilage and the bone-cartilage interface ...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.11.004
更新日期:2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::NADPH oxidase (NOX) is a key player in the network of reactive oxygen species (ROS) producing enzymes. It catalyzes the production of superoxide (O2(-)), that in turn regulates a wide range of biological functions in a broad range of organisms. Plant Noxes are known as respiratory burst oxidase homologs (Rbohs) and ar...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.02.002
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Competitive sustainable production in industry demands new and better biocatalysts, optimized bioprocesses and cost-effective product recovery. Our review sheds light on the progress made for the individual steps towards these goals, starting with the discovery of new enzymes and their corresponding genes. The enzymes...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107520
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Polyamines (PAs) are ubiquitous biogenic amines that have been implicated in diverse cellular functions in widely distributed organisms. In plants, mutant and transgenic plants with altered activity pointed to their involvement with different abiotic and biotic stresses. Furthermore, microarray, transcriptomic and pro...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.01.003
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Industrial biotechnology is reliant on native pathway engineering or foreign pathway introduction for efficient biosynthesis of target products. Chromosomal integration, with intrinsic genetic stability, is an indispensable step for reliable expression of homologous or heterologous genes and pathways in large-scale an...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.04.002
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Herbal remedies were the first medicines used by humans due to the many pharmacologically active secondary metabolites produced by plants. Some of these metabolites inhibit cell division and can therefore be used for the treatment of cancer, e.g. the mitostatic drug paclitaxel (Taxol). The ability of plants to produce...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.02.002
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Enzyme immobilization is a well-known technique that allows the reuse of the biocatalyst and generally improves its stability. These improved characteristics are of fundamental importance to turn industrial biocatalysis into viable and competitive processes. The immobilization of enzymes can occur through several phys...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107581
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vitrification is a new approach to oocyte and embryo cryoconservation. It consists in the solidification of a solution caused not by crystallization, but by a drastic increase in viscosity during cooling. The application of this approach to cryoconservation of oocytes and embryos of different species depends upon the ...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0734-9750(94)90019-1
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bradyrhizobium elkanii produces rhizobitoxine, an enol-ether amino acid, which has been regarded as a phytotoxin because it causes chlorosis in soybeans. However, recent studies have revealed that rhizobitoxine plays a positive role in establishing symbiosis between B. elkanii and host legumes: rhizobitoxine enhances ...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2006.01.004
更新日期:2006-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review elaborates on the recent development of microbial sterol biotransformation systems. Particular emphasis is laid on the new enzymatic approach investigating the cleavage of sterol side chain. New developments in the area of immobilized cell system and use of organic media along with recent reviews on side c...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0734-9750(92)91351-e
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aptamers are short single-stranded nucleic acid sequences capable of binding to target molecules in a way similar to antibodies. Due to various advantages such as prolonged shelf life, low batch to batch variation, low/no immunogenicity, freedom to incorporate chemical modification for enhanced stability and targeting...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.11.001
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Traditional technologies are required to meet specific, quantitative standards of safety and performance. In tissue engineering, similar standards will have to be developed to enable routine clinical use and customized tissue fabrication. In this essay, we discuss a framework of concepts leading towards general design...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.12.005
更新日期:2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Biopharmaceuticals present the fastest growing segment in the pharmaceutical industry, with an ever widening scope of applications. Whole plants as well as contained plant cell culture systems are being explored for their potential as cheap, safe, and scalable production hosts. The first plant-derived biopharmaceutica...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.07.002
更新日期:2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Basic and applied research on microbial cellulases, hemicellulases and pectinases has not only generated significant scientific knowledge but has also revealed their enormous potential in biotechnology. At present, cellulases and related enzymes are used in food, brewery and wine, animal feed, textile and laundry, pul...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0734-9750(00)00041-0
更新日期:2000-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::For both nitrogen and carbon metabolism there exist specific regulatory mechanisms to enable cells to assimilate a wide variety of nitrogen and carbon sources. Superimposed are regulatory circuits, the so called nitrogen and carbon catabolite regulation, to allow for selective use of "rich" sources first and "poor" so...
journal_title:Biotechnology advances
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0734-9750(83)90587-6
更新日期:1983-01-01 00:00:00