Abstract：
:Azaspiracids (AZA) are polyether marine toxins that accumulate in various shellfish species and have been associated with severe gastrointestinal human intoxications since 1995. This toxin class has since been reported from several countries, including Morocco and much of western Europe. A regulatory limit of 160 microg AZA/kg whole shellfish flesh was established by the EU in order to protect human health; however, in some cases, AZA concentrations far exceed the action level. Herein we discuss recent advances on the chemistry of various AZA analogs, review the ecology of AZAs, including the putative progenitor algal species, collectively interpret the in vitro and in vivo data on the toxicology of AZAs relating to human health issues, and outline the European legislature associated with AZAs.
journal_name
Mar Drugsjournal_title
Marine drugsauthors
Twiner MJ,Rehmann N,Hess P,Doucette GJdoi
10.3390/md20080004subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2008-05-07 00:00:00pages
39-72issue
2issn
1660-3397journal_volume
6pub_type
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