Abstract:
BACKGROUND:Extreme heat events (EHEs) are increasing in frequency in large U.S. cities and are responsible for a greater annual number of climate-related fatalities, on average, than any other form of extreme weather. In addition, low-density, sprawling patterns of urban development have been associated with enhanced surface temperatures in urbanized areas. OBJECTIVES:In this study. we examined the association between urban form at the level of the metropolitan region and the frequency of EHEs over a five-decade period. METHODS:We employed a widely published sprawl index to measure the association between urban form in 2000 and the mean annual rate of change in EHEs between 1956 and 2005. RESULTS:We found that the rate of increase in the annual number of EHEs between 1956 and 2005 in the most sprawling metropolitan regions was more than double the rate of increase observed in the most compact metropolitan regions. CONCLUSIONS:The design and management of land use in metropolitan regions may offer an important tool for adapting to the heat-related health effects associated with ongoing climate change.
journal_name
Environ Health Perspectjournal_title
Environmental health perspectivesauthors
Stone B,Hess JJ,Frumkin Hdoi
10.1289/ehp.0901879subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2010-10-01 00:00:00pages
1425-8issue
10eissn
0091-6765issn
1552-9924journal_volume
118pub_type
杂志文章abstract:BACKGROUND:Childhood lead exposure has been associated with growth delay. However, the association between blood lead levels (BLLs) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) has not been characterized in a large cohort with low-level lead exposure. METHODS:We recruited 394 boys 8-9 years of age from an industrial Russi...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1206105
更新日期:2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Eliminating silicosis is a priority of the International Labour Organization and the World Health Organization. Prevalence is particularly high in developing countries. OBJECTIVES:We describe trends in silicosis among South African gold miners who had had an autopsy between 1975 and 2007 and quantify the co...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.0900918
更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The articles in this monograph focus on the mechanisms whereby ambient particulate matter (PM) and co-pollutants deposited in the respiratory tract cause cardiovascular and systemic effects, especially in persons with preexisting conditions such as allergic hyperresponsiveness and pulmonary, cardiac, and vascular dise...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.01109s4479
更新日期:2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::A previously healthy woman developed hypersensitivity pneumonitis of such severity that she required chronic systemic corticosteroid therapy for symptom control. Detailed investigation of her workplace and home environments revealed fungi in her typical suburban home, to which she had specific serum precipitating anti...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.01109979
更新日期:2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The phenylphosphonothioate insecticides EPN and leptophos, and several analogs, were evaluated with respect to their delayed neurotoxic effects in hens and their environmental behavior in a terrestrial-aquatic model ecosystem. Acute toxicity to insects was highly correlated with sigma sigma of the substituted phenyl g...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.8036187
更新日期:1980-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:We previously demonstrated that among 54 infants in neonatal intensive care units, exposure to polyvinyl chloride plastic medical devices containing the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is associated with urinary concentrations of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) , a DEHP metabolite. In this f...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.8926
更新日期:2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Studies conducted by the National Toxicology Program on the chronic toxicity of benzene indicated that B6C3F1 mice were more sensitive to the carcinogenic effects of benzene than were F344 rats. A physiological model was developed to describe the uptake and metabolism of benzene in rats and mice. Our objective was to ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.898243
更新日期:1989-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Phthalates may pose a risk for perinatal developmental effects. An important question relates to the choice of suitable biological matrices for assessing exposure during this period. OBJECTIVES:This study was designed to measure the concentrations of phthalate diesters or their metabolites in breast milk, b...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.10788
更新日期:2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A subset of workers was followed after exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, and furans in an occupational medicine clinic setting. Patterns of PCBs found in adipose tissue resembled the pattern seen when soot from the incident or Aroclor 1254 was examined by GC-MS. Adipose tissue also revealed levels...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.8560241
更新日期:1985-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.0901200
更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Biological monitoring of genotoxic hazard in the rubber industry was performed in 19 male workers and 20 age-matched controls in a local health unit in northern Italy. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were analyzed for the presence of DNA damage (single-cell microgel-electrophoresis, or comet assay) and for cytogenetic pa...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.96104s3543
更新日期:1996-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic scleroderma are autoimmune diseases thought to have an exogenous trigger. This review summarizes relevant case-control and cohort studies that investigated exogenous sex hormones, silica, silicone, solvents, pesticides, mercuric chloride, and hair dyes as putative risk factors...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.99107s5743
更新日期:1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Differences in genetic susceptibility to hazardous chemicals affect individuals of both human and nonhuman populations. In both cases, differences in response to chemicals or general ill health result as a function of these differences in genetic susceptibility. However, ecological systems are a compilation of hundred...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.97105s4843
更新日期:1997-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Descriptions of endocrine disruption have largely been associated with wildlife and driven by observations documenting estrogenic, androgenic, antiandrogenic, and antithyroid actions. These actions, in response to exposure to ecologically relevant concentrations of various environmental contaminants, have now been est...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.8045
更新日期:2006-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.0800193
更新日期:2009-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.98106s61263
更新日期:1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The N-oxidation of carcinogenic arylamines to form N-hydroxy arylamines has long been regarded as a necessary metabolic step for conversion to proximate carcinogenic derivatives. In contrast, arylamine ring-oxidation has been generally considered to be an important detoxification mechanism. Both enzymatic reactions ar...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.9087233
更新日期:1990-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Stable associations of syntrophic fermentative organisms and populations that consume fermentation products play key roles in the anaerobic biodegradation of chlorinated organic contaminants. The involvement of these syntrophic populations is essential for mineralization of chlorinated aromatic compounds under methano...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.6933
更新日期:2005-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of inhaled zinc oxide/hexachloroethane smoke (11,580 mg x min/m3) and intratracheally instilled zinc chloride (2.5 mg/kg body weight) have been studied in rat lung. The effects of subsequent treatment with 70% oxygen have been studied after both procedures. Both the inhalation of the smoke and instillation...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.85-1568343
更新日期:1990-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Sulfation plays an important role both in detoxification and in the control of steroid activity. Studies in rodents have shown that the conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to DHEA-sulfate is involved in learning and the memory process. METHODS:The effects of a range of plasticizers and related compo...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.9365
更新日期:2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is generally agreed that estrogens, and possibly androgens, are important in the etiology of breast cancer, but no consensus exists as to the precise estrogenic or androgenic environment that characterizes risk, or the exogenous factors that influence the hormonal milieu. Nearly all the epidemiological studies cond...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.97105s3587
更新日期:1997-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In the developing brain, serotonin (5HT) systems are among the most sensitive to disruption by organophosphates. OBJECTIVES:We exposed neonatal rats to daily doses of diazinon or parathion on postnatal days (PND)1-4 and evaluated 5HT receptors and the 5HT transporter in brainstem and forebrain on PND5, focu...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.9337
更新日期:2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The National Institutes of Health's Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) initiative aims to understand the impact of environmental factors on childhood disease. Over 40,000 chemicals are approved for commercial use. The challenge is to prioritize chemicals for biomonitoring that may prese...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/EHP5133
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The assessment of mixture effects of estrogenic agents is regarded as an issue of high priority by many governmental agencies and expert decision-making bodies all over the world. However, the few mixture studies published so far have suffered from conceptual and experimental problems and are considered to be inconclu...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.00108983
更新日期:2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Millions of individuals worldwide, particularly those living in rural and developing areas, are exposed to harmful levels of inorganic arsenic (iAs) in their drinking water. Inorganic As exposure during key developmental periods is associated with a variety of adverse health effects, including those that are...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1409360
更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Implementation of the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1977 creates the need to reliably establish testing priorities because laboratory resources are limited and the number of industrial chemicals requiring evaluation is overwhelming. The use of quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) models as rapid and p...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.8771171
更新日期:1987-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) has highly pleiotropic effects on cells in culture and on tissues in vivo, including effects on protein kinase C (PKC) activation and gene expression. In order to determine the mechanism of activation of gene transcription by TPA, DNA sequences whose transc...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.877689
更新日期:1987-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is used to make polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic tubing soft and flexible. Animal data show that adverse effects of DEHP exposure may include reduced fertility, reduced sperm production in males, and ovarian dysfunction in females. Known treatments that involve high DEHP exposures are...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.6901
更新日期:2004-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Comamonas testosteroni YZW-D was isolated from Passaic River sediment for its ability to degrade isophthalate and terephthalate. Degradation of the two isomeric compounds proceeds via separately inducible catabolic pathways that converge at protocatechuate. Analysis of the catabolic pathways by which these two isomers...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.95103s49
更新日期:1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::A set of 53 individuals from a population highly exposed to airborne hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were selected to study the elimination kinetics of this chemical in humans. The volunteers provided blood, 24-hr urine, and feces samples for analysis of HCB and metabolites. The serum HCB concentrations ranged from 2.4 to 1,4...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.00108595
更新日期:2000-07-01 00:00:00