Abstract：
:After infection of a cell, the positive-strand RNA genome of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) directly serves as the template for translation in the cytosol. By the use of an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element in the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of the viral RNA, the HCV RNA bypasses the need for nuclear processing events like capping and directly recruits the translation apparatus to the viral RNA to start translation of the viral proteins. In this review, I discuss the structure and function of the HCV IRES, focusing on (1) the recruitment of the cellular translation machinery to the IRES, including canonical and noncanonical translation initiation factors, (2) noncanonical RNA-binding proteins that modulate IRES activity, and (3) microRNAs that have an influence on the efficiency of HCV RNA translation.
journal_name
Curr Top Microbiol Immunoljournal_title
Current topics in microbiology and immunologyauthors
Niepmann Mdoi
10.1007/978-3-642-27340-7_6subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2013-01-01 00:00:00pages
143-66eissn
0070-217Xissn
2196-9965journal_volume
369pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Innate pattern recognition receptors are implicated in first-line defense against pathogens but also participate in maintenance of tissue homeostasis and response to injury. This chapter reviews the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in neuronal and glial responses that are associated with neurodegeneration. Accompany...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-00549-7_6
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Histoplasmosis, caused by the dimorphic environmental fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, is a major mycosis on the global stage. Acquisition of the fungus by mammalian hosts can be clinically silent or it can lead to life-threatening systemic disease, which can occur in immunologically intact or deficient hosts, albeit se...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2018_114
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Translocations or amplifications which activate members of the myc gene family are common in human cancer. c-Myc is a central regulator of normal cell proliferation and differentiation (Luscher and Eisenman, 1991; Marcu et al. 1992) and can induce apoptosis (Askew et al. 1991, 1993; Evan et al. 1992; Bissonette et al....
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-79275-5_33
更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Proteasomes are highly abundant cytosolic and nuclear protease complexes that degrade most intracellular proteins in higher eukaryotes and appear to play a major role in the cytosolic steps of MHC class I antigen processing. This review summarizes the knowledge of the role of proteasomes in antigen processing and the ...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-59414-4_5
更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The capacity of varicella zoster virus (VZV) to cause varicella (chickenpox) relies upon multiple steps, beginning with inoculation of the host at mucosal sites with infectious virus in respiratory droplets. Despite the presence of a powerful immune defense system, this virus is able to disseminate from the site of in...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2010_41
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Measles virus (MV) has two envelope glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin (H) and fusion protein, which are responsible for attachment and membrane fusion, respectively. Signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM, also called CD150), a membrane glycoprotein expressed on immune cells, acts as the principal cellular rece...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-540-70523-9_2
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The surface membrane molecule CD5 is expressed on mature T cells and on the B-1a subpopulation of B cells. These CD5 positive B cells express an antibody repertoire with a relatively high frequency of self-reactivity. There is uncertainty about the origins of CD5 B cells and the reasons for this are reviewed. Recent r...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-79275-5_26
更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The main functions of retroviral glycoproteins are recognition and binding to the cellular virus receptor as well as fusion of viral and cellular lipid membranes to release the viral particle into the cytoplasm of the host cell. Foamy viruses (FVs) are a special group of retroviruses with a very broad host range that ...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-55701-9_5
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Understanding how cell growth is regulated in response to environmental signals remains a challenging biological problem. Recent studies indicate the TOR (target of rapamycin) kinase acts within an intracellular regulatory network used by eukaryotic cells to regulate their growth according to nutrient availability. Th...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-18930-2_3
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rhabdoviruses, mainly in rainbow trout, are among the most devastating viruses for worldwide aquaculture. To date no effective treatments to fight against these viruses are available. During the past years, several approaches to develop efficient vaccines have been undertaken such as the use of immunogenic recombinant...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/3-540-27485-5_6
更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Therapies for filovirus infections are urgently needed. The paradoxical issue facing therapies is the need for rigorous safety and efficacy testing, adhering to the principle tenant of medicine to do no harm, while responding to the extreme for a treatment option during an outbreak. Supportive care remains a primary g...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2017_12
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The importance of immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules for providing long-term sterile immunity as well as their major contribution to tissue inflammation during autoimmune diseases is generally accepted. In a similar manner, studies over the last years have elucidated many details of the molecular and cellular pathways u...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-07911-0_18
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Glucans are characteristic and major constituents of fungal cell walls. Depending on the species, different glucan polysaccharides can be found. These differ in the linkage of the D-glucose monomers which can be either in α- or β-conformation and form 1,3, 1,4 or 1,6 O-glycosidic bonds. The linkages and polymer length...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2020_200
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The varicella-zoster virus (VZV) open reading frame (ORF) 66 encodes a basophilic kinase orthologous to the US3 protein kinases found in all alphaherpesviruses. This review summarizes current information on the ORF66 kinase, and outlines apparent differences from other US3 kinases, as well as some of the conserved fun...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2009_7
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent advances in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) as applied in mass cytometry, enabled its broad applicability to life science research. Mass cytometry enables the high-dimensional characterization of cellular systems by simultaneously measuring dozens of metal isotope reporter labeled antibodi...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/82_2013_335
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Phospholipases are diverse enzymes produced in eukaryotic hosts and their bacterial pathogens. Several pathogen phospholipases have been identified as major virulence factors acting mainly in two different modes: on the one hand, they have the capability to destroy host membranes and on the other hand they are able to...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2013_348
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The infectious cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi necessitates persistent infection of both vertebrates and ticks, and efficient means of transmission between those two very different types of hosts. The Lyme disease spirochete has evolved mechanisms to sense its location in the infectious cycle, and use that information t...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2017_49
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Influenza vaccines are the mainstay of efforts to reduce the substantial health burden from seasonal influenza. Inactivated influenza vaccines have been available since the 1940s and are administered via intramuscular injection. Inactivated vaccines can be given to anyone six months of age or older. Live attenuated, c...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_3
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ischemic cardiomyopathy leading to congestive heart failure remains the leading source of morbidity and mortality in Western society and medical management of this condition offers only palliative treatment. While allogeneic heart transplantation can both extend and improve the quality of life for patients with end-st...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-18846-6_4
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Autophagy plays diverse roles in cellular adaptation to stress and promotes vital housekeeping functions by recycling unused or damaged organelles and proteins. As an innate immune defense pathway, autophagy also protects against infection with diverse pathogens, including viruses. Autophagy combats infections with bo...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-00302-8_13
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is an adaptor molecule composed of an N-terminal death domain and a C-terminal Toll/interleukin (IL)-1R homology domain. Ligand binding to Toll-like receptor (TLR)/IL-1R family members results in the association of MyD88 to the cytoplasmic tail of receptors; this then initiate...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-59430-4_10
更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The innate host response to influenza virus infection plays a critical role in determining the subsequent course of infection and the clinical outcome of disease. The host has a diverse array of detection and effector mechanisms that are able to recognize and initiate effective antiviral responses. In opposition, the ...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2014_412
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The collaboration between Alick Isaacs and myself started in the summer of 1956. Our initial project was to show, by electron microscopy, that interference between inactivated influenza virus and live virus involved the transfer of material from the interfering virus to the host cell. This approach failed for technica...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-540-71329-6_1
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Group A streptococcal (Streptococcus pyogenes) infections remain important causes of medical and public health morbidity and mortality even during the early twenty-first century. Although most often concentrated in socially/economically disadvantaged populations, the problems remain significant in both industrializing...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2012_306
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Picornaviridae encompass many positive-strand RNA viruses, all of which share a generally similar genome design and capsid structure, but which induce quite diverse diseases in humans and other animals. Picornavirus strains of the same serotype have been shown to express different virulence (or pathogenic) phenoty...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/3-540-26397-7_7
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Glycoprotein M (gM) is conserved among herpesviruses. Important features are its 6-8 transmembrane domains without a large extracellular domain, localization to the virion envelope, complex formation with another envelope glycoprotein, glycoprotein N (gN), and role in virion assembly and egress. In varicella-zoster vi...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2010_30
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this chapter, cancer research using immunodeficient mice, with emphasis on metastasis field studies, is described. The definition of "humanized mice" used for biomedical research is given in the chapter by Nomura et al. in this volume. Briefly, a humanized mouse possesses human cells or tissues and shows, in part, ...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-540-75647-7_11
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We identified a population of IgM+IgD+ B-cells in the peripheral blood (PB) of humans that express somatically mutated V-region genes like classical class switched or IgM-only memory B-cells and comprise around 15% of PB B-cells in adults. Mutated IgM+IgD+ cells differ from unmutated naive IgM+IgD+ cells in that they ...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-60162-0_18
更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:By now, it is well established that the error rate of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) that replicates RNA virus genomes is a primary driver of the mutation frequencies observed in RNA virus populations-the basis for the RNA quasispecies. Over the last 10 years, a considerable amount of work has uncovered the m...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2015_483
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Microbial biofilms are governed by an intricate interplay between physical-chemical factors and the physiological and genetic properties of the inhabiting microbes. Many of the physiological traits that are exhibited in a biofilm environment have been observed and studied previously in detail in planktonic cultures. H...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-540-75418-3_2
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
