Abstract：
:By now, it is well established that the error rate of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) that replicates RNA virus genomes is a primary driver of the mutation frequencies observed in RNA virus populations-the basis for the RNA quasispecies. Over the last 10 years, a considerable amount of work has uncovered the molecular determinants of replication fidelity in this enzyme. The isolation of high- and low-fidelity variants for several RNA viruses, in an expanding number of viral families, provides evidence that nature has optimized the fidelity to facilitate genetic diversity and adaptation, while maintaining genetic integrity and infectivity. This chapter will provide an overview of what fidelity variants tell us about RNA virus biology and how they may be used in antiviral approaches.
journal_name
Curr Top Microbiol Immunoljournal_title
Current topics in microbiology and immunologyauthors
Bordería AV,Rozen-Gagnon K,Vignuzzi Mdoi
10.1007/82_2015_483subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-01-01 00:00:00pages
303-22eissn
0070-217Xissn
2196-9965journal_volume
392pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) plays multiple important roles in EBV latent infection and has also been shown to impact EBV lytic infection. EBNA1 is required for the stable persistence of the EBV genomes in latent infection and activates the expression of other EBV latency genes through interactions with spec...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-22834-1_1
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic disease characterized by elevated serum IgG4 levels and a strong infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells in various organs. IgG4-RD patients also frequently suffer from allergic diseases, including asthma and atopic dermatitis. It is well known that T helper type 2 (Th2)...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2016_40
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Swine influenza is a continual problem for the Swine industry and can pose a public health threat as evidenced by the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus pandemic. Given its importance, it is not surprising to find papers describing the disease from the early 20th century. In this chapter, we discuss the history of Swine influe...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2011_197
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The molecular response of cancer cells to hypoxia is the focus of intense research. In the last decade, research into microRNAs (miRNAs), small RNAs which have a role in regulation of mRNA and translation, has grown exponentially. miR-210 has emerged as the predominant miRNA regulated by hypoxia. Elucidation of its ta...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2010_76
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Influenza vaccines are the mainstay of efforts to reduce the substantial health burden from seasonal influenza. Inactivated influenza vaccines have been available since the 1940s and are administered via intramuscular injection. Inactivated vaccines can be given to anyone six months of age or older. Live attenuated, c...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_3
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study examines the adjuvant properties of silicone oil, silicone gel and silicone elastomer using a foreign antigen, bovine serum albumin (BSA). Seventy male Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats, approximately 250 grams each, were divided into 7 groups: A- incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) with BSA; B- silicone oil with B...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-85226-8_13
更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Endemic Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) remains the most prevalent pediatric cancer in sub-Saharan Africa even though it was the first human cancer with a viral etiology described over 50 years ago. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was discovered in a BL tumor in 1964 and has since been implicated in other malignancies. The etiology ...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-22822-8_11
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Phospholipases are diverse enzymes produced in eukaryotic hosts and their bacterial pathogens. Several pathogen phospholipases have been identified as major virulence factors acting mainly in two different modes: on the one hand, they have the capability to destroy host membranes and on the other hand they are able to...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2013_348
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ischemic cardiomyopathy leading to congestive heart failure remains the leading source of morbidity and mortality in Western society and medical management of this condition offers only palliative treatment. While allogeneic heart transplantation can both extend and improve the quality of life for patients with end-st...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-18846-6_4
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:While more and more attention has been paid to CpG-DNA with respect to its usefulness as an adjuvant, its molecular mechanism of action is less well defined. Over the last few years, at least two major signalling pathways have been shown to be utilized by CpG-DNA: the NF-kappa B activation pathway and the stress-kinas...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-59672-8_5
更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The low-resource environment deprives healthcare providers caring for patients with Ebola virus disease (EVD) of many of the means employed for the critically ill that are available in better resourced settings, such as advanced therapeutic interventions and abundant staff. In addition to these limitations may be adde...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2017_18
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Japanese encephalitis (JE) is one of the most well studied arthropod zoonotic diseases with human and animal research and their integration spanning 6-7 decades. JE research and policy in some Asian countries has epitomized the 'One Health' strategy of attainment of optimal health for people, animals, and the environm...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2012_243
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The surface membrane molecule CD5 is expressed on mature T cells and on the B-1a subpopulation of B cells. These CD5 positive B cells express an antibody repertoire with a relatively high frequency of self-reactivity. There is uncertainty about the origins of CD5 B cells and the reasons for this are reviewed. Recent r...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-79275-5_26
更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In summary, the complement system has evolved an important function in regulation of humoral immunity to T-dependent antigens. Covalent attachment of activated C3 to antigen alters its fate by enhancing uptake on the surface of FDC via CD21/CD35; and by enhancing signal transduction via the B cell coreceptor CD21/CD19...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-60162-0_8
更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was discovered more than six decades ago, but has remained poorly investigated. However, after a recent outbreak of CHIK fever in both hemispheres and viral adaptation to new species of mosquitoes, it has attracted a lot of attention. The currently available experimental data suggest that mol...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/82_2018_146
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The development of bacterial resistance against current antibiotic drugs necessitates a continuous renewal of the arsenal of efficacious drugs. This imperative has not been met by the output of antibiotic research and development of the past decades for various reasons, including the declining efforts of large pharma ...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2016_501
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Glucans are characteristic and major constituents of fungal cell walls. Depending on the species, different glucan polysaccharides can be found. These differ in the linkage of the D-glucose monomers which can be either in α- or β-conformation and form 1,3, 1,4 or 1,6 O-glycosidic bonds. The linkages and polymer length...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2020_200
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Evolution of Ig V gene segments are generally characterized by (a) evolution by "the birth and death process" and (b) diversifying selection. However, the detailed evolutionary pattern of V gene segments varies among species due to the fact that the humoral immune system itself has changed during vertebrate evolution....
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-59674-2_10
更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Xenotransplantation is a public health concern because it has the potential to infect human recipients with zoonotic and other infectious agents that are not endemic in human populations, thereby potentially introducing new infections to the human community. From this perspective, xenotransplantation clinical trials c...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-55541-1_2
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An account is given of the experiences and events which led to a search being undertaken for a causative virus in the recently described Burkitt's lymphoma and of the steps which ultimately culminated in the discovery of the new human herpesvirus which came to be known as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). ...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-22822-8_1
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A critical function of the thymus is to help enforce tolerance to self. The importance of central tolerance in preventing autoimmunity has been enlightened by a deeper understanding of the interactions of developing T cells with a diverse population of thymic antigen presenting cell populations. Furthermore, there has...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2013_321
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:CVB3 myocarditis can lead to dilated cardiomyopath (DCM). DCM is one of the leading causes of the need for heart transplantation, so it is important to understand the life cycle of CVB3 and its interactions with the host cell. Infection causes rapid death of host cardiomyocytes by altering normal cellular homeostasis ...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-540-75546-3_8
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Innate pattern recognition receptors are implicated in first-line defense against pathogens but also participate in maintenance of tissue homeostasis and response to injury. This chapter reviews the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in neuronal and glial responses that are associated with neurodegeneration. Accompany...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-00549-7_6
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) perform diverse regulatory functions in transcription, translation' chromatin modification, and cellular organization. Misregulation of lncRNAs is found linked to various human diseases. Compared to protein-coding RNAs' lncRNAs are more specific to organs, tissues, cell types, development...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2015_464
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mammalian orthoreoviruses (reoviruses) are prototype members of the Reoviridae family of nonenveloped viruses. Reoviruses contain ten double-stranded RNA gene segments enclosed in two concentric protein shells, outer capsid and core. These viruses serve as a versatile experimental system for studies of virus cell entr...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2010_32
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Advances in the biological characterization of tumors has led to the design and development of anticancer agents targeting specific molecular alterations. The majority of these agents are designed to silence phosphorylation signals that are required for the development and maintenance of the cancer phenotype in specif...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2011_164
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:SIV-PBj14 is atypical for a lentivirus in that infection of pig-tailed macaques usually does not result in long-term progressive disease; however, this model may potentially provide valuable information about the pathogenesis of HIV and the development of AIDS. By capitalizing on some of the unique properties of the v...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-642-78536-8_4
更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Adenoviruses contain genes that have evolved to control the host immune and inflammatory responses; however, it is not clear whether these genes function primarily to facilitate survival of the virus during acute infection or during its persistent phase. These issues have assumed greater importance as the use of adeno...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-662-05599-1_4
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Natural and intentional biological risks threaten human civilization, both through direct human fatality as well as follow-on effects from a collapse of the just-in-time delivery system that provides food, energy and critical supplies to communities globally. Human beings have multiple innate cognitive biases that sys...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/82_2019_162
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Immunoglobulins and Fc receptors are critical glycoprotein components of the immune system. Fc receptors bind the Fc (effector) region of antibody molecules and communicate information within the innate and adaptive immune systems. Glycosylation of antibodies, particularly in the Fc region of IgG, has been extensively...
journal_title：Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-07911-0_8
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
