Abstract:
:Group A streptococcal (Streptococcus pyogenes) infections remain important causes of medical and public health morbidity and mortality even during the early twenty-first century. Although most often concentrated in socially/economically disadvantaged populations, the problems remain significant in both industrializing and industrialized countries. The many M/emm types of GAS contribute to herd immunity in populations and also affect the control of streptococcal infections in these populations. Although this bacterium remains among the most susceptible to most antibiotics, it is evident that antibiotics alone have not solved the group A streptococcal medical and public health problems, even in those places where access to medical care is readily available. It is likely that the current streptococcal problems will remain difficult to manage and will remain essentially unchanged until the broad implementation of a cost-effective group A streptococcal vaccine, likely some years in the future.
journal_name
Curr Top Microbiol Immunoljournal_title
Current topics in microbiology and immunologyauthors
Kaplan ELdoi
10.1007/82_2012_306subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2013-01-01 00:00:00pages
243-52eissn
0070-217Xissn
2196-9965journal_volume
368pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Legionella is a gram-negative bacterium and the causative pathogen of legionellosis-a severe pneumonia in humans. A large number of Legionella effectors interfere with numerous host cell functions, including intracellular vacuole trafficking and maturation, phospholipid metabolism, protein ubiquitination, pro-/anti-ap...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/82_2013_338
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Wild aquatic bird populations have long been considered the natural reservoir for influenza A viruses with virus transmission from these birds seeding other avian and mammalian hosts. While most evidence still supports this dogma, recent studies in bats have suggested other reservoir species may also exist. Extensive ...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/82_2014_396
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tumors are formed following the accumulation of several genetic changes in genes which normally function to regulate cell growth. As yet it is unclear why multiple mutations are required, which type of alterations can collaborate with each other, and if collaboration is cell-type specific. In our myc transgenic mouse ...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-3-642-77633-5_62
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Measles virus (MV) has two envelope glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin (H) and fusion protein, which are responsible for attachment and membrane fusion, respectively. Signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM, also called CD150), a membrane glycoprotein expressed on immune cells, acts as the principal cellular rece...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-540-70523-9_2
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) is the major surface glycoprotein on influenza viruses and mediates viral attachment and subsequent fusion with host cells. The HA is the major target of the immune response, but due to its high level of variability, as evidenced by substantial antigenic diversity, it had been historically...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/82_2014_413
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Understanding how cell growth is regulated in response to environmental signals remains a challenging biological problem. Recent studies indicate the TOR (target of rapamycin) kinase acts within an intracellular regulatory network used by eukaryotic cells to regulate their growth according to nutrient availability. Th...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18930-2_3
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microbial biofilms are governed by an intricate interplay between physical-chemical factors and the physiological and genetic properties of the inhabiting microbes. Many of the physiological traits that are exhibited in a biofilm environment have been observed and studied previously in detail in planktonic cultures. H...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-540-75418-3_2
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::While more and more attention has been paid to CpG-DNA with respect to its usefulness as an adjuvant, its molecular mechanism of action is less well defined. Over the last few years, at least two major signalling pathways have been shown to be utilized by CpG-DNA: the NF-kappa B activation pathway and the stress-kinas...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59672-8_5
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The level and turnover of phosphoinositides (PIs) are tightly controlled by a large set of PI-specific enzymes (PI kinases and phosphatases). Mammalian PI phosphatases are conserved through evolution and among this large family the dual-specificity phosphatase (PTP/DSP) are metal-independent enzymes displaying the ami...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5025-8_10
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::It has so far been difficult to identify genes behind polygenic autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), and type I diabetes (T1D). With proper animal models, some of the complexity behind these diseases can be reduced. The use of linkage analysis and positional cloning of genes ...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/3-540-29714-6_13
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Naturally arising CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells, which express the transcription factor Foxp3, play key roles in the maintenance of immunologic self-tolerance and negative control of a variety of physiological and pathological immune responses. The majority of them are produced by the normal thymus as a functionally ma...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/3-540-29714-6_3
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is a trend toward viral-based hybrid systems to furnish viral nanoparticles with enhanced features, for function beyond a delivery vehicle. Such hybrids have included Nanogold for microwave release, quantum dots and fluorescent moieties, to provide simultaneous imaging capabilities, and iron oxide particles for ...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69379-6_3
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Autophagy plays diverse roles in cellular adaptation to stress and promotes vital housekeeping functions by recycling unused or damaged organelles and proteins. As an innate immune defense pathway, autophagy also protects against infection with diverse pathogens, including viruses. Autophagy combats infections with bo...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-642-00302-8_13
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The possible role of silicone in the pathogenesis of a scleroderma-like syndrome is still unresolved. It has been proposed that silicone escaping from breast implants potentiates the progression of the disease. To clarify whether silicone enhances development of fibrotic skin lesions and autoantibodies, we tested its ...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/978-3-642-85226-8_31
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The catalytic polypeptides of certain bacterial and plant protein toxins reach their substrates in the cytosol of mammalian cells by retro-translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Emerging evidence indicates that these proteins subvert the ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) pathway that normally remove...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/3-540-28007-3_7
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is an adaptor molecule composed of an N-terminal death domain and a C-terminal Toll/interleukin (IL)-1R homology domain. Ligand binding to Toll-like receptor (TLR)/IL-1R family members results in the association of MyD88 to the cytoplasmic tail of receptors; this then initiate...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59430-4_10
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Primary varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection (varicella) induces VZV-specific antibody and VZV-specific T cell-mediated immunity. T cell-mediated immunity, which is detected within 1-2 weeks after appearance of rash, and consists of both CD4 and CD8 effector and memory T cells, is essential for recovery from varicel...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/82_2010_31
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this chapter, cancer research using immunodeficient mice, with emphasis on metastasis field studies, is described. The definition of "humanized mice" used for biomedical research is given in the chapter by Nomura et al. in this volume. Briefly, a humanized mouse possesses human cells or tissues and shows, in part, ...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-540-75647-7_11
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is an experimental model that closely resembles human autoimmune gastritis, the underlying pathology of pernicious anemia. Pathogenic CD4+ T cells are reactive to the parietal cell autoantigen, H/K ATPase, and are controlled by CD4+CD25+ T cells in an immunosuppressive cytokine-independent m...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/3-540-27702-1_8
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Collective knowledge regarding the occurrence of influenza among swine is incomplete due to inconsistent surveillance of swine populations. In this chapter, we review what surveillance activities exist and some of the practical challenges encountered. Furthermore, to support robust surveillance activities, accurate la...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/82_2012_220
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::CD4(+) helper and CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells, two major subsets of αβTCR expressing lymphocytes, are differentiated from common precursor CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive (DP) thymocytes. Bifurcation of the CD4(+)/CD8(+) lineages in the thymus is a multilayered process and is thought to culminate in a loss of developmental ...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/82_2013_323
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::B. anthracis virulence is the sum of the contributions of factors involved in toxicity, growth and persistence in the host. Recent data has revealed that the interactions between B. anthracis and macrophage is central to the B. anthracis pathogenesis. This review presents and describes tactics by which B. anthracis no...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-662-05767-4_6
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen, responsible for infections in the community and the healthcare setting. Although much of the attention is focused on the methicillin-resistant "variant" MRSA, the methicillin-susceptible counterpart (MSSA) remains a prime species in infections. The epidemiology of ...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/82_2016_3
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Remarkable progress has been made in reducing measles incidence and mortality as a consequence of implementing the measles mortality reduction strategy of the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The revised global measles mortality reduction goal set forth in the WHO-UNICEF Glo...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-540-70617-5_9
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Evolution of Ig V gene segments are generally characterized by (a) evolution by "the birth and death process" and (b) diversifying selection. However, the detailed evolutionary pattern of V gene segments varies among species due to the fact that the humoral immune system itself has changed during vertebrate evolution....
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59674-2_10
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::DNA replication is an important step in the life cycle of every cell that ensures the continuous flow of genetic information from one generation to the next. In all organisms, chromosome replication must be coordinated with overall cell growth. Helicobacter pylori growth strongly depends on its interaction with the ho...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50520-6_4
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The genetic differences that potentially account for the attenuation of the Oka vaccine VZV preparation are more clearly defined than for perhaps any other vaccine in current use. This is due in large part to the small number of differences between the vaccine and the parental strain from which it was derived, and to ...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/82_2010_14
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can infect a remarkably broad cell range within its host, including parenchymal cells and connective tissue cells of virtually any organ and various hematopoietic cell types. Epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells are the predominant targets for virus ...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-540-77349-8_4
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Picornaviridae encompass many positive-strand RNA viruses, all of which share a generally similar genome design and capsid structure, but which induce quite diverse diseases in humans and other animals. Picornavirus strains of the same serotype have been shown to express different virulence (or pathogenic) phenoty...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/3-540-26397-7_7
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::It has been estimated that there are more microorganisms within and upon the human body than there are human cells. By necessity, every accessible niche must be defended by innate mechanisms to prevent invasive infection, and ideally that precludes the need for robust inflammatory responses. Yet the potential for path...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/3-540-29916-5_5
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00