Abstract:
:Influenza vaccines are the mainstay of efforts to reduce the substantial health burden from seasonal influenza. Inactivated influenza vaccines have been available since the 1940s and are administered via intramuscular injection. Inactivated vaccines can be given to anyone six months of age or older. Live attenuated, cold-adapted influenza vaccines (LAIV) were developed in the 1960s but were not licensed in the United States until 2003, and are administered via nasal spray. Both vaccines are trivalent preparations grown in eggs and do not contain adjuvants. LAIV is licensed for use in the United States for healthy nonpregnant persons 2-49 years of age.Influenza vaccination induces antibodies primarily against the major surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA); antibodies directed against the HA are most important for protection against illness. The immune response peaks at 2-4 weeks after one dose in primed individuals. In previously unvaccinated children <9 years of age, two doses of influenza vaccine are recommended, as some children in this age group have limited or no prior infections from circulating types and subtypes of seasonal influenza. These children require both an initial priming dose and a subsequent booster dose of vaccine to mount a protective antibody response.The most common adverse events associated with inactivated vaccines are sore arm and redness at the injection site; systemic symptoms such as fever or malaise are less commonly reported. Guillian-Barré Syndrome (GBS) was identified among approximately 1 per 100,000 recipients of the 1976 swine influenza vaccine. The risk of influenza vaccine-associated GBS from seasonal influenza vaccine is thought to be at most approximately 1-2 cases per 1 million vaccinees, based on a few studies that have found an association; other studies have found no association.The most common adverse events associated with LAIV are nasal congestion, headache, myalgias or fever. Studies of the safety of LAIV among young children suggest an increased risk of wheezing in some young children, and the vaccine is not recommended for children younger than 2 years old, ages 2-4 old with a history of recurrent wheezing or reactive airways disease, or older persons who have any medical condition that confers an increased risk of influenza-related complications.The effectiveness of influenza vaccines is related predominantly to the age and immune competence of the vaccinee and the antigenic relatedness of vaccine strains to circulating strains. Vaccine effectiveness in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza illness when the vaccine strains are well matched to circulating strains is 70-90% in randomized, placebo-controlled trials conducted among children and young healthy adults, but is lower among elderly or immunocompromised persons. In years with a suboptimal match, vaccine benefit is likely to be lower, although the vaccine can still provide substantial benefit, especially against more severe outcomes. Live, attenuated influenza vaccines have been most extensively studied among children, and have been shown to be more effective than inactivated vaccines in several randomized controlled trials among young children.Influenza vaccination is recommended in the United States for all children six months or older, all adults 50 years or older, all persons with chronic medical conditions, and pregnant women, and contacts of these persons, including healthcare workers. The global disease burden of influenza is substantial, and the World Health Organization has indicated that member states should evaluate the cost-effectiveness of introducing influenza vaccination into national immunization programs. More research is needed to develop more effective seasonal influenza vaccines that provide long-lasting immunity and broad protection against strains that differ antigenically from vaccine viruses.
journal_name
Curr Top Microbiol Immunoljournal_title
Current topics in microbiology and immunologyauthors
Fiore AE,Bridges CB,Cox NJdoi
10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_3subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-01-01 00:00:00pages
43-82eissn
0070-217Xissn
2196-9965journal_volume
333pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Primary varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection (varicella) induces VZV-specific antibody and VZV-specific T cell-mediated immunity. T cell-mediated immunity, which is detected within 1-2 weeks after appearance of rash, and consists of both CD4 and CD8 effector and memory T cells, is essential for recovery from varicel...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/82_2010_31
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Group A streptococcal (Streptococcus pyogenes) infections remain important causes of medical and public health morbidity and mortality even during the early twenty-first century. Although most often concentrated in socially/economically disadvantaged populations, the problems remain significant in both industrializing...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/82_2012_306
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Negative-strand RNA virus particles are formed by a process that includes the assembly of viral components at the plasma membranes of infected cells and the subsequent release of particles by budding. Here, we review recent progress that has been made in understanding the mechanisms of negative-strand RNA virus assemb...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-662-06099-5_5
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is arguably one of the most successful pathogens of humans, persistently infecting over ninety percent of the world's population. Despite this high frequency of carriage, the virus causes apparently few adverse effects in the vast majority of infected individuals. Nevertheless, the potent grow...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22834-1_11
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In summary, the complement system has evolved an important function in regulation of humoral immunity to T-dependent antigens. Covalent attachment of activated C3 to antigen alters its fate by enhancing uptake on the surface of FDC via CD21/CD35; and by enhancing signal transduction via the B cell coreceptor CD21/CD19...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-642-60162-0_8
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chloroplast genetic engineering offers several advantages, including high levels of transgene expression, transgene containment via maternal inheritance, and multi-gene expression in a single transformation event. Oral delivery is facilitated by hyperexpression of vaccine antigens against cholera, tetanus, anthrax, pl...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-540-70868-1_3
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rho GTPases are molecular switches controlling a broad range of cellular processes including lymphocyte activation. Not surprisingly, Rho GTPases are now recognized as pivotal regulators of antigen-specific T cell activation by APCs and immunological synapse formation. This review summarizes recent advances in our und...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/3-540-27511-8_5
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Clostridium difficile causes infectious diarrhoea in humans and animals. It has been found in both diarrhoeal and non-diarrhoeal pigs, horses and cattle, suggesting a potential reservoir for human insection, and in 20-40 % of meat products in Canada and the USA, suggesting the possibility, albeit not proven, of food-b...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/82_2012_237
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Selected microenvironmental stimuli confer to leukemic cells a growth advantage and an extended survival. We aimed at dissecting the differential support provided by the different cellular components of the microenvironment where CLL cells accumulate. To this end we cultured purified CLL cells in vitro in the presence...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/3-540-29933-5_8
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Picornaviridae encompass many positive-strand RNA viruses, all of which share a generally similar genome design and capsid structure, but which induce quite diverse diseases in humans and other animals. Picornavirus strains of the same serotype have been shown to express different virulence (or pathogenic) phenoty...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/3-540-26397-7_7
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hendra virus and Nipah virus are recently discovered and closely related emerging viruses that now comprise the genus henipavirus within the sub-family Paramyxoviridae and are distinguished by their broad species tropism and in addition to bats can infect and cause fatal disease in a wide variety of mammalian hosts in...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/82_2012_213
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent advances in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) as applied in mass cytometry, enabled its broad applicability to life science research. Mass cytometry enables the high-dimensional characterization of cellular systems by simultaneously measuring dozens of metal isotope reporter labeled antibodi...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/82_2013_335
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::SIV-PBj14 is atypical for a lentivirus in that infection of pig-tailed macaques usually does not result in long-term progressive disease; however, this model may potentially provide valuable information about the pathogenesis of HIV and the development of AIDS. By capitalizing on some of the unique properties of the v...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-642-78536-8_4
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Collective knowledge regarding the occurrence of influenza among swine is incomplete due to inconsistent surveillance of swine populations. In this chapter, we review what surveillance activities exist and some of the practical challenges encountered. Furthermore, to support robust surveillance activities, accurate la...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/82_2012_220
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dicer, an RNase III type endonuclease, is the key enzyme involved in RNA interference (RNAi) and microRNA (miRNA) pathways. It is required for biogenesis of miRNAs and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and also plays an important role in an effector step of RNA silencing, the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) assemb...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-540-75157-1_4
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a member of the Paramyxoviridae family that consists of viruses with nonsegmented negative-strand RNA genome. Infection by these viruses triggers the innate antiviral response of the host, mainly type I interferon (IFN). Essentially all other viruses of this family produce IFN supp...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38919-1_9
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The varicella-zoster virus (VZV) open reading frame (ORF) 66 encodes a basophilic kinase orthologous to the US3 protein kinases found in all alphaherpesviruses. This review summarizes current information on the ORF66 kinase, and outlines apparent differences from other US3 kinases, as well as some of the conserved fun...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/82_2009_7
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Naturally arising CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells, which express the transcription factor Foxp3, play key roles in the maintenance of immunologic self-tolerance and negative control of a variety of physiological and pathological immune responses. The majority of them are produced by the normal thymus as a functionally ma...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/3-540-29714-6_3
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic disease characterized by elevated serum IgG4 levels and a strong infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells in various organs. IgG4-RD patients also frequently suffer from allergic diseases, including asthma and atopic dermatitis. It is well known that T helper type 2 (Th2)...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/82_2016_40
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The global need for a pandemic influenza vaccine is large. High-income countries have stated their intent to provide universal access for pandemic influenza vaccine to their populations. Assuming that a two-dose schedule would be needed, providing universal coverage globally would represent approximately 6.5 billion t...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_23
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The collaboration between Alick Isaacs and myself started in the summer of 1956. Our initial project was to show, by electron microscopy, that interference between inactivated influenza virus and live virus involved the transfer of material from the interfering virus to the host cell. This approach failed for technica...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71329-6_1
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Poxviruses have been long regarded as potent inhibitors of apoptotic cell death. More recently, they have been shown to inhibit necroptotic cell death through two distinct strategies. These strategies involve either blocking virus sensing by the host pattern recognition receptor, ZBP1 (also called DAI) or by influenci...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/82_2020_229
更新日期:2021-01-29 00:00:00
abstract::The accumulation of protein aggregates has a fundamental role in the patophysiology of distinct neurodegenerative diseases. This phenomenon may have a common origin, where disruption of intracellular mechanisms related to protein homeostasis (here termed proteostasis) control during aging may result in abnormal protei...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/82_2017_52
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ischemic cardiomyopathy leading to congestive heart failure remains the leading source of morbidity and mortality in Western society and medical management of this condition offers only palliative treatment. While allogeneic heart transplantation can both extend and improve the quality of life for patients with end-st...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18846-6_4
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The "humanized mouse" is a mouse harboring functioning human tissues used as in vivo human models for both physiological and pathological conditions. The NOD/Shi-scid IL2rgamma(null) (NOG) mouse, an excellent immunodeficient mouse used as the basis for the humanized mouse, requires strict genetic and environmental con...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-540-75647-7_1
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In most cases, the genetic engineering of plants uses Agrobacterium-mediated transformation to introduce novel genes. In nature, insertion of T-DNA into the plant genome and its subsequent transfer via sexual reproduction have been shown for several species in the genera Nicotiana, Ipomoea , and Linaria . A sequence h...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/82_2018_80
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Adenoviruses contain genes that have evolved to control the host immune and inflammatory responses; however, it is not clear whether these genes function primarily to facilitate survival of the virus during acute infection or during its persistent phase. These issues have assumed greater importance as the use of adeno...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-662-05599-1_4
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The infectious cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi necessitates persistent infection of both vertebrates and ticks, and efficient means of transmission between those two very different types of hosts. The Lyme disease spirochete has evolved mechanisms to sense its location in the infectious cycle, and use that information t...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/82_2017_49
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Wild aquatic bird populations have long been considered the natural reservoir for influenza A viruses with virus transmission from these birds seeding other avian and mammalian hosts. While most evidence still supports this dogma, recent studies in bats have suggested other reservoir species may also exist. Extensive ...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/82_2014_396
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Picornavirus 5' NCRs contain IRES elements that have been divided into two groups, exemplified by PV (type 1) and EMCV (type 2). These elements are functionally related and have an intriguing level of structural and sequence similarity. Some conserved RNA sequences and/or structures may correspond to cis-acting elemen...
journal_title:Current topics in microbiology and immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/978-3-642-79663-0_2
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00