Abstract:
UNLABELLED:Noroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. The majority of norovirus outbreaks are caused by genogroup II.4 (GII.4). Novel GII.4 strains emerge every 2 to 4 years and replace older variants as the dominant norovirus. Novel variants emerge through a combination of recombination, genetic drift, and selection driven by population immunity, but the exact mechanism of how or where is not known. We detected two previously unknown novel GII.4 variants, termed GII.4 UNK1 and GII.4 UNK2, and a diverse norovirus population in fecal specimens from immunocompromised individuals with diarrhea after they had undergone bone marrow transplantation. We hypothesized that immunocompromised individuals can serve as reservoirs for novel norovirus variants. To test our hypothesis, metagenomic analysis of viral RNA populations was combined with a full-genome bioinformatic analysis of publicly available GII.4 norovirus sequences from 1974 to 2014 to identify converging sites. Variable sites were proportionally more likely to be within two amino acids (P < 0.05) of positively selected sites. Further analysis using a hypergeometric distribution indicated that polymorphic site distribution was random and its proximity to positively selected sites was dependent on the size of the norovirus genome and the number of positively selected sites.In conclusion, random mutations may have a positive impact on driving norovirus evolution, and immunocompromised individuals could serve as potential reservoirs for novel GII.4 strains. IMPORTANCE:Norovirus is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in the United States. Every 2 to 3 years novel norovirus variants emerge and replace dominant strains. The continual emergence of novel noroviruses is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic drift, population immunity, and recombination, but exactly how this emergence occurs remains unknown. In this study, we identified two novel GII.4 variants in immunocompromised bone marrow transplant patients. Using metagenomic and bioinformatic analysis, we showed that most genetic polymorphisms in the novel variants occur near 0 to 2 amino acids of positively selected sites, but the distribution of mutations was random; clustering of polymorphisms with positively selected sites was a result of genome size and number of mutations and positively selected sites. This study shows that immunocompromised patients can harbor infectious novel norovirus variants, and although mutations in viruses are random, they can have a positive effect on viral evolution.
journal_name
J Viroljournal_title
Journal of virologyauthors
Vega E,Donaldson E,Huynh J,Barclay L,Lopman B,Baric R,Chen LF,Vinjé Jdoi
10.1128/JVI.02494-14subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-12-01 00:00:00pages
14184-96issue
24eissn
0022-538Xissn
1098-5514pii
JVI.02494-14journal_volume
88pub_type
杂志文章abstract::RNA packaging signals (psi) from the 5' ends of murine and avian retroviral genomes have previously been shown to direct encapsidation of heterologous mRNA into the retroviral virion. The avian 5' packaging region has now been further characterized, and we have defined a 270-nucleotide sequence, A psi, which is suffic...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.67.1.178-188.1993
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Coccolithoviridae are a group of viruses which infect the marine coccolithophorid microalga Emiliania huxleyi. The Emiliania huxleyi viruses (known as EhVs) described herein have 160- to 180-nm diameter icosahedral structures, have genomes of approximately 400 kbp, and consist of more than 450 predicted coding seq...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.07046-11
更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Complexes of f2 phage RNA and its A protein, or maturation protein, transfect Escherichia coli cells much better than does protein-free RNA. We used these complexes to introduce the bacteriophage f2 lysis gene into cells. The A protein-RNA complex was found to kill cells, probably by causing them to leak large macromo...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.39.1.60-66.1981
更新日期:1981-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.56.3.743-749.1985
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abstract::Since its detection in swine, influenza D virus (IDV) has been shown to be present in multiple animal hosts, and bovines have been identified as its natural reservoir. However, it remains unclear how IDVs emerge, evolve, spread, and maintain in bovine populations. Through multiple years of virological and serological ...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.00240-20
更新日期:2020-08-31 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.01593-07
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.01852-10
更新日期:2011-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.73.6.4611-4621.1999
更新日期:1999-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.33.1.535-538.1980
更新日期:1980-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.67.9.5126-5138.1993
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abstract::Ebola virus (EBOV) causes a lethal hemorrhagic fever for which there is no approved effective treatment or prevention strategy. EBOV VP35 is a virulence factor that blocks innate antiviral host responses, including the induction of and response to alpha/beta interferon. VP35 is also an RNA silencing suppressor (RSS). ...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.05741-11
更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Porcine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus (PEDV) has significantly damaged America's pork industry. Here we investigate the receptor usage and cell entry of PEDV. PEDV recognizes protein receptor aminopeptidase N from pig and human and sugar coreceptor N-acetylneuraminic acid. Moreover, PEDV infects cells from pig, human,...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.00430-15
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The 11th influenza A virus gene product is an 87-amino-acid protein provisionally named PB1-F2 (because it is encoded by an open reading frame overlapping the PB1 open reading frame). A significant fraction of PB1-F2 localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane in influenza A virus-infected cells. PB1-F2 appears to e...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/jvi.77.13.7214-7224.2003
更新日期:2003-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::In contrast to humans, several primate species are believed to have harbored simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) since ancient times. In particular, the geographically dispersed species of African green monkeys (AGMs) are all infected with highly diversified SIVagm viruses at high prevalences (greater than 50% of s...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/jvi.75.18.8449-8460.2001
更新日期:2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Profound alterations in host cell nuclear architecture accompany the lytic phase of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Viral replication compartments assemble, host chromatin marginalizes to the nuclear periphery, cytoplasmic poly(A)-binding protein translocates to the nucleus, and polyadenylated mRNAs are sequestere...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.01254-18
更新日期:2018-09-26 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.73.10.8393-8402.1999
更新日期:1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sections of normal and diseased brain and kidney tissues were screened for the presence of JC virus (JCV) DNA by using the polymerase chain reaction. As expected, all samples obtained from patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) tested positive when multiple JCV-specific primer and probe combina...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.66.10.5726-5734.1992
更新日期:1992-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.65.10.5636-5640.1991
更新日期:1991-10-01 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2020-01-31 00:00:00
abstract:UNLABELLED:Numerous experimental studies have demonstrated that CD8(+) T cells contribute to immunity against influenza by limiting viral replication. It is therefore surprising that rigorous statistical tests have failed to find evidence of positive selection in the epitopes targeted by CD8(+) T cells. Here we use a n...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.01571-15
更新日期:2015-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.29.3.856-862.1979
更新日期:1979-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.75.24.12188-12197.2001
更新日期:2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vaccination for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) remains an elusive goal. Whether an unsuccessful vaccine might not only fail to provoke detectable immune responses but also could actually interfere with subsequent natural immunity upon HIV-1 infection is unknown. We performed detailed assessment of an HIV-...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.01720-07
更新日期:2008-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.67.2.933-942.1993
更新日期:1993-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Viruses of the family Coronaviridae have recently emerged through zoonotic transmission to become serious human pathogens. The pathogenic agent responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), is a member of this large family of positive-strand RNA viruses that cause a spectru...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.02322-09
更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lack of disease in long-term nonprogressors with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection was strongly associated with very low copy numbers of HIV-1 DNA and RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma and the presence of high levels of anti-HIV-1 CD8+ memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for ...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.69.9.5838-5842.1995
更新日期:1995-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in vivo is known to establish persistent infection in resting, circulating memory B cells and to productively replicate in plasma cells. Until now, the molecular mechanism of how EBV switches from latency to lytic replication in vivo was not known. Here, we report that the plasma cell differen...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.01055-07
更新日期:2007-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.00167-06
更新日期:2006-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recently, efficient and long-term in vivo gene transfer by recombinant adeno-associated virus type 2 (rAAV) vectors has been demonstrated in a variety of tissues. Further improvement in vector titer and purity will expedite this in vivo exploration and provide preclinical information required for use in human gene the...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.72.3.2224-2232.1998
更新日期:1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) genome replicates as a multiple-copy plasmid in murine C127 cells transformed to neoplasia by virus infection or by transfection with BPV-1 DNA. It was reported previously that BPV-1 genomes harboring frameshift mutations in the E6 or E7 open reading frame (ORF) replicated in C...
journal_title:Journal of virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/JVI.66.8.4957-4965.1992
更新日期:1992-08-01 00:00:00