Abstract:
:It is commonly believed that repeated exposures diminish the pleasurable effects of drugs and hence that pleasure must have only a minor role in addiction. In six experiments with rats, repeated exposures to amphetamine, morphine, or cocaine were found to enhance the drug-induced rewarding effect as measured by conditioned place preference. Thus, sensitization to the rewarding effect, rather than tolerance, was obtained. Also, cross-sensitization was obtained; exposures to amphetamine enhanced the rewarding effect of morphine and vice versa; similarly, exposures to morphine enhanced the rewarding effect of cocaine. These findings support a new theory: drugs of abuse are addictive because repeated exposures sensitize the central reward mechanism so that drug taking produces a progressively greater reinforcing effect each time it occurs.
journal_name
Psychopharmacology (Berl)journal_title
Psychopharmacologyauthors
Lett BTdoi
10.1007/BF00451687subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1989-01-01 00:00:00pages
357-62issue
3eissn
0033-3158issn
1432-2072journal_volume
98pub_type
杂志文章abstract::The behavioral effects of the benzodiazepine (BZP)-receptor partial inverse agonists, beta-CCE and FG 7142, are reviewed and the claim that these compounds possess "anxiogenic" properties is examined. Results obtained from human studies and global observations in animals, as well as those from experiments on aggressio...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/BF00212837
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The in vivo potency of mazindol for binding to striatal dopamine transporters (DAT) was assessed by [123I]beta-CIT ([123I]2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-iodophenyl)tropane) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Cocaine-dependent subjects (n = 12) underwent three SPECT scans; one before, between, and after s...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s002130050625
更新日期:1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Different benzodiazepines, when administered to fasting cats, increased both the total amount of food eaten and also the rate at which food was ingested. Moreover, when injected to foodsatiated cats, these compounds made them resume eating voraciously. Pentobarbital also stimulated food intake, but was much less poten...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00428710
更新日期:1976-05-05 00:00:00
abstract:RATIONALE:Opioid antagonism reduces the consumption of palatable foods in humans but the neural substrates implicated in these effects are less well understood. OBJECTIVES:The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of the opioid antagonist, naltrexone, on neural response to rewarding and aversive sight an...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3573-7
更新日期:2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Elderly normal volunteers (N = 12, mean age 70.4 years) were administered placebo or diazepam 2.5, 5, 10 mg in four consecutive sessions separated by at least a 1-week interval. Memory and psychomotor performance and plasma diazepam concentrations were assessed at baseline and at 1 and 3 h following drug administratio...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00555210
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:RATIONALE:A sensitized dopamine system may be linked to the genesis of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. Following withdrawal from amphetamine exposures, psychotic-like traits have been robustly demonstrated, but the presence of cognitive/mnemonic deficits remains uncertain. METHODS:Adult male Lewis and Fischer rat...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00213-009-1514-7
更新日期:2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The metabolism of the tricyclic antidepressants amitriptyline (AMI), imipramine (IMI), chlorimipramine (CMI) and some of their metabolites was studied in vitro in isolated liver microsomes of female Spraque-Dawley rats. Nine metabolites of AMI, seven metabolites of IMI, and 11 metabolites of CMI were quantitatively de...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00178516
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cholecystokinin (CCK) and dopamine (DA) coexist in both cell body and terminal areas of a mesolimbic pathway that projects from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (N ACC). Autoradiography reveals extensive CCK binding sites in the N ACC, but not in the VTA. However, iontophoresis of CCK into the...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00445571
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:RATIONALE:Cocaethylene is a pharmacologically active homolog and metabolite of cocaine, formed by transesterification of cocaine in the presence of ethanol. Here we relate findings from a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study in which we examined the physiological and subjective effects and pharmacokinetic...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1007/s002139900363
更新日期:2000-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:RATIONALE:Previous work has shown that environmental enrichment alters amphetamine-induced locomotor activity and conditioned place preference. OBJECTIVE:The present study examined the effect of environmental enrichment on amphetamine self-administration. METHODS:Female and male rats were raised from 21 days of age i...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s002130100720
更新日期:2001-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The [14C]-2-deoxyglucose method was used to map the in vivo metabolic response of glucose to savoxepine, a novel tetracyclic cyano-dibenzoxepino-azepine. Savoxepine is reported to have higher affinity for dopamine (DA) receptors in the hippocampus than in the striatum and hence should have dose-dependent, anatomically...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF02244849
更新日期:1994-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Spontaneous and amphetamine-elicited locomotor activity in rats is reduced by most clinically effective antipsychotic drugs. We have recently demonstrated that intracerebroventricular infusion of kainic acid (KA), which produces cell loss in the hippocampus and other limbic-cortical brain regions, increases spontaneou...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s002130050509
更新日期:1998-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Animal and human studies have demonstrated that, depending upon the sequence of alcohol presentation, long-term memory of events can either be enhanced or diminished. In the present study a similar phenomenon is demonstrated in the neuronal excitability of slices of hippocampus from guinea pig brains. Alcohol given af...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00426380
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:RATIONALE:Withdrawal seizure-prone and withdrawal seizure-resistant mice were selectively bred to exhibit differences in handling-induced convulsion severity during ethanol withdrawal. The glutamatergic system has been implicated in seizure activity as well as ethanol withdrawal symptoms. OBJECTIVE:This study assessed...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s002130050933
更新日期:1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:RATIONALE:Only a small percentage of individuals seeking treatment for their marijuana use achieves sustained abstinence, suggesting more treatment options are needed. OBJECTIVES:We investigated the effects of baclofen (study 1) and mirtazapine (study 2) in a human laboratory model of marijuana intoxication, withdrawa...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1888-6
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists induce psychotomimetic effects in humans that closely resemble negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. NMDA agonists, in contrast, may significantly ameliorate such symptoms. In rodents, phencyclidine (PCP) and other NMDA antagonists induce a hyperlocomotory syndrome t...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s002130050168
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of flumazenil, a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, on triazolam- and zolpidem-induced memory impairment were investigated. Sixty subjects received oral triazolam 0.5 mg, zolpidem 20.0 mg, or placebo at 10 a.m. (n = 20 per drug). Ninety minutes later, half of the subjects (n = 10) in each oral drug group ...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF02245635
更新日期:1995-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Male Sprague-Dawley rats were evaluated between ages 18 and 825 days for responses to doses of haloperidol (0 and 0.05-10 mg/kg, IP). Catalepsy, ptosis, and inhibition of general motor activity showed steady decreases in sensitivity to the drug with age during the first 1.5 years of maturation, while rats older than 1...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00422406
更新日期:1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:RATIONALE:Recent animal research has shown that, aside from its primary and secondary reinforcing effects, nicotine may enhance reinforcement from stimuli unrelated to nicotine intake. Little human research has directly examined this potentially important influence of nicotine. OBJECTIVES:We report two virtually ident...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00213-009-1574-8
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rats were trained to discriminate between two compound stimulus arrays that included exteroceptive (ES) and interoceptive (IS) stimulus components. The ES components were illumination and tactile cues, and the IS components were produced by d-amphetamine (A) or Na pentobarbital (P) treatment (drug versus drug discrimi...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00174076
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::To assess the effects of chlordiazepoxide (CDP) on a stable discrimination performance, eight rats were trained on a simple brightness discrimination and injected with three dosages (0, 5, and 10 mg/kg) once performance was stable. Signal detection analysis of the results was used to differentiate sensory from motor/r...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00433568
更新日期:1979-06-21 00:00:00
abstract:RATIONALE:The experience of strong traumata leads to the formation of enduring fear memories that may degenerate into post-traumatic stress disorder. One of the most successful treatments for this condition consists of extinction training during which the repeated exposure to trauma-inducing stimuli in a safe environme...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5000-y
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Food reward has been associated with activation of noradrenergic mechanisms in the brain. Using rats trained to press a lever for food reward, we have investigated the effects of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions, which severly depleted hypothalamic noradrenaline, on the willingness of the rats to press the lever for food rew...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00427343
更新日期:1979-06-28 00:00:00
abstract:RATIONALE:Negative mood states are characterized by both stress hormone dysregulation and serotonergic dysfunction, reflected by altered thalamic serotonin transporter (5-HTT) levels. However, so far, no study examined the individual association between cortisol response and cerebral in vivo 5-HTT levels in patients su...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1903-y
更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:RATIONALE:Heavy ecstasy use in humans has been associated with cognitive impairments and changes in cognitive brain function supposedly due to damage to the serotonin system. There is concern that even a single dose of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine may be neurotoxic, but very little is known about the consequences ...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00213-007-0792-1
更新日期:2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Dysfunction of brain dopamine systems is involved in various neuropsychiatric disorders. Challenge studies with dopamine receptor agonists have been performed to assess dopamine receptor functioning, classically using the release of growth hormone (GH) from the hindbrain as primary outcome measure. The obj...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00213-009-1686-1
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::There have been a number of claims that high-dose administration of cocaine to rats leads to neurotoxic effects on dopamine neurons. In this study possible neurotoxic effects on monoamine neurons were examined by measuring the effects of cocaine (35 mg/kg daily for 10 days) on the binding of radioligands to uptake sit...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF02244815
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper examines noradrenergic hyperactivity in response to stress in the development of spontaneous recurrences of methamphetamine (MAP) psychosis, a phenomenon known as flashbacks, in studies of psychedelic drug use. We studied predictors of flashbacks in 36 subjects with flashbacks, along with 80 subjects with a...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s002130050453
更新日期:1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:RATIONAL:It has been suggested that phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors such as sildenafil may be effective in the treatment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE:This study was designed to investigate the effect of sildenafil added to risperidone as augmentation therapy in patients with chronic schizophrenia an...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2044-z
更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:RATIONALE:Asenapine, a psychopharmacologic agent developed for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, has higher affinity for 5-HT(2A/C,6,7) and alpha(2) adrenergic receptors than for D(2) receptors. Asenapine exhibits potent antipsychotic-like effects without inducing catalepsy, increases cortical and subcortical dopamin...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1456-5
更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00