Abstract：
:There is mounting evidence for the idea that performance in a visuomotor rotation task can be supported by both implicit and explicit forms of learning. The implicit component of learning has been well characterized in previous experiments and is thought to arise from the adaptation of an internal model driven by sensorimotor prediction errors. However, the role of explicit learning is less clear, and previous investigations aimed at characterizing the explicit component have relied on indirect measures such as dual-task manipulations, posttests, and descriptive computational models. To address this problem, we developed a new method for directly assaying explicit learning by having participants verbally report their intended aiming direction on each trial. While our previous research employing this method has demonstrated the possibility of measuring explicit learning over the course of training, it was only tested over a limited scope of manipulations common to visuomotor rotation tasks. In the present study, we sought to better characterize explicit and implicit learning over a wider range of task conditions. We tested how explicit and implicit learning change as a function of the specific visual landmarks used to probe explicit learning, the number of training targets, and the size of the rotation. We found that explicit learning was remarkably flexible, responding appropriately to task demands. In contrast, implicit learning was strikingly rigid, with each task condition producing a similar degree of implicit learning. These results suggest that explicit learning is a fundamental component of motor learning and has been overlooked or conflated in previous visuomotor tasks.
journal_name
J Neurophysioljournal_title
Journal of neurophysiologyauthors
Bond KM,Taylor JAdoi
10.1152/jn.00009.2015subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-06-01 00:00:00pages
3836-49issue
10eissn
0022-3077issn
1522-1598pii
jn.00009.2015journal_volume
113pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Based on kinematic properties and distinct substrates, there are different classes of eyelid movement described as eyeblinks. We investigate whether the eyelid movements made in response to a conditioned stimulus (CS) are a category of eyelid movements distinct from blinks. Human subjects received 60 trials of classic...
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1152/jn.00631.2009
更新日期：2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. The role of the microgeometry of planar surfaces in the detection of sliding of the surfaces on human and monkey fingerpads was investigated. By the use of a servo-controlled tactile stimulator to press and stroke glass plates on passive fingerpads of human subjects, the ability of humans to discriminate the direct...
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1152/jn.1990.63.6.1323
更新日期：1990-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In recent years, electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography (MEG) have both been used to investigate the response in human auditory cortex to musical sounds that are perceived as consonant or dissonant. These studies have typically focused on the transient components of the physiological activity at sound onset...
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1152/jn.00876.2018
更新日期：2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Our previous study showed that two distinct postural modifications occurred when subjects were instructed to step, rather than maintain stance, in response to a backward surface translation: 1) the automatic postural responses to the surfaces perturbation were reduced in magnitude and 2) the anticipatory postural a...
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1152/jn.1996.75.4.1619
更新日期：1996-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The R6/2 mouse is the most frequently used model for experimental and preclinical drug trials in Huntington's disease (HD). When the R6/2 mouse was first developed, it carried exon 1 of the huntingtin gene with ~150 cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeats. The model presented with a rapid and aggressive phenotype that ...
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1152/jn.00762.2011
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play an important role in cell survival versus cell death decisions during neuronal development, ischemia, trauma, and epilepsy. Coupling of neurons by electrical synapses (gap junctions) is high or increases in neuronal networks during all these conditions. In the developing CN...
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1152/jn.00656.2010
更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. We probed the gain and phase of the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) during the execution of voluntary gaze saccades, with continuous oscillation or acceleration pulses, applied through a torque helmet. 2. Small-amplitude (< 1 degree), high-frequency (10-14 Hz) head oscillations in the horizontal or vertical plane were...
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1152/jn.1996.76.5.3249
更新日期：1996-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. In order to investigate the effects of an imbalance in stimulation to the eyes without the confounding influence of continuous deprivation of one eye, we reared cats with unequal alternating monocular exposure (AME) and, for comparison, cats with equal AME. We recorded extracellularly from single cells in area 17 o...
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1152/jn.1983.49.3.804
更新日期：1983-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. The neurophysiological basis for the sensation of prickle evoked by contact of some fabrics with the skin is reported. 2. Single-unit sensory nerve recordings from the rabbit saphenous nerve were used to identify the receptors responsible for fabric-evoked prickle. These recordings showed that all low-threshold mec...
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1152/jn.1988.59.4.1083
更新日期：1988-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To explore neural mechanisms how olfactory information is processed in the brain and finally converted into behavior, it would be useful to have isolated whole brains that include both olfactory organs and motor output. In the present study, we identified an in vitro index of odor-evoked behavior in the terrestrial mo...
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1152/jn.00247.2003
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neural oscillations are observed ubiquitously in the mammalian brain, but their stability is known to be rather variable. Some oscillations are tonic and last for seconds or even minutes. Other oscillations appear as unstable bursts. Likewise, some oscillations rely on excitatory AMPAergic synapses, but others are GAB...
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1152/jn.00119.2020
更新日期：2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Intracellular recordings from neostriatal neurons in an in vitro slice preparation of the rat brain were used to analyze the pharmacological sensitivity of the action potential (AP) repolarization and the afterhyperpolarization (AHP) that follows a single action potential. The interspike voltage trajectory and the ...
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1152/jn.1992.68.1.287
更新日期：1992-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Smooth pursuit eye movements stabilize slow-moving objects on the retina by matching eye velocity with target velocity. Two critical components are required to generate smooth pursuit: first, because it is a voluntary eye movement, the subject must select a target to pursue to engage the tracking system; and second, g...
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1152/jn.00197.2015
更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Monkeys were trained to react to an arm perturbation according to an instruction delivered prior to the perturbation. There were two possible instructions (push or pull), and monkeys learned to respond accordingly regardless of the direction (push or pull) of the triggering perturbation. 2. Pyramidal tract neurons ...
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1152/jn.1976.39.5.1069
更新日期：1976-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study examined whether neuronal activity in the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) covaries with image motion or actual movement of the arm while planning a target-capturing task when the motor task is guided by an image of the moving arm. For this purpose, we trained a monkey to capture a target on a video screen with...
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1152/jn.2002.88.4.2167
更新日期：2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. The effect of serotonin (5-HT) and forskolin on an inwardly rectifying K+ conductance (IKR) was studied using voltage-clamp techniques in several identified Aplysia neurons isolated and maintained in primary cell culture. 2. Inward rectification was observed in the current-voltage relationship of the identified neu...
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1152/jn.1987.58.5.909
更新日期：1987-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Serotonergic modulation of a hyperpolarization-activated inward current, Ih, and a calcium-dependent outward current, Io(Ca), was examined in the dorsal gastric (DG) motor neuron, with the use of intracellular recording techniques in an isolated preparation of the crab stomatogastric ganglion (STG). 2. Hyperpolariz...
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1152/jn.1992.68.2.496
更新日期：1992-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Changes to cerebral miRNA expression have been implicated in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), as miRNAs that regulate the expression of gene products involved in amyloid beta (Aβ) processing, such as BACE1, are dysregulated in those that suffer from AD. Exercise training improves cognition and reduces BACE...
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1152/jn.00503.2020
更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The capabilities of any sensory system are ultimately constrained by the properties of the sensory neurons: the ability to detect and represent stimuli is limited by noise due to spontaneous activity, and optimal decoding in downstream circuitry must be matched to the nature of the encoding performed at the input. Her...
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1152/jn.00108.2011
更新日期：2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the thalamus is the exclusive relay of retinal information en route to the visual cortex. Although much of our understanding about dLGN comes from studies done in higher mammals, such as the cat and primate, the mouse as a model organism has moved to the forefront as a t...
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1152/jn.00651.2017
更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Metabotropic receptors modulate numerous cellular processes by intracellular Ca2+ signaling, but less is known about their role in regulating mitochondrial metabolic function within the CNS. In this study, we demonstrate in area CA3 of rat organotypic hippocampal slice cultures that glutamatergic, serotonergic, and mu...
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1152/jn.00042.2003
更新日期：2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the preceding report, we observed that tail-shock-induced sensitization of tail-elicited siphon withdrawal reflex (TSW) of Aplysia was expressed ipsilaterally but that dishabituation induced by an identical tail shock was expressed bilaterally. Here we examined the mechanisms of this differential lateralization. We...
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1152/jn.00667.2003
更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Current and voltage-clamp recordings were made at room temperature from cultured mouse spinal neurons using conventional two-electrode voltage-clamp techniques and electrodes filled with either 3 M KCl, 3 M CsCl, or 3 M Cs2SO4. In the presence of tetraethylammonium and tetrodotoxin, "fast" (rapidly rising and falling)...
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1152/jn.1986.55.6.1115
更新日期：1986-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The properties of the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) when the axis of rotation is behind the eyes and fixation of a near target is required were studied in the monkey. The magnitude of VOR gain in each eye was found to be above 1.0 and near the ideal value for stabilizing a retinal image. Evidence that this large VOR ga...
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1152/jn.1986.56.2.439
更新日期：1986-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A number of studies have indicated an important role for N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in cell survival versus cell death decisions during neuronal development, trauma, and ischemia. Coupling of neurons by electrical synapses (gap junctions) is high or increases in neuronal networks during all three of these c...
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1152/jn.00362.2007
更新日期：2007-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The giant barnacle, Balanus nubilus, has three simple eyes, two lateral and one median. We have studied the convergence of the receptors of these ocelli by recording from the second-order cell (I-cell) and from the receptors' terminals. The I-cell's responses to illumination of the median and lateral eyes are similar ...
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1152/jn.1986.55.5.882
更新日期：1986-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In common with other sensory cortices, the mammalian primary auditory cortex (AI) demonstrates the capacity for large-scale reorganization following many experimental situations. For example, training animals in frequency-discrimination tasks has been shown to result in an increase in cortical frequency representation...
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1152/jn.2001.86.4.1555
更新日期：2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Damage to the peripheral vestibular system can result in debilitating postural, perceptual, and visual symptoms. A potential new treatment for this clinical problem is to replace some aspects of peripheral vestibular function with an implant that senses head motion and provides this information to the brain by stimula...
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1152/jn.00601.2016
更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Using patch-clamp recordings, expression of voltage-activated ion channels by identified glial cells in situ was studied in hippocampal slices derived from 5- to 24-day-old rats. Glial cells were filled with Lucifer yellow during recording, and were identified by staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)....
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1152/jn.1993.70.5.1863
更新日期：1993-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We characterized the electroresponsive and morphological properties of neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Previously, Rainnie and colleagues distinguished three cell types in the anterolateral region of BNST (BNST-AL): low-threshold bursting cells (LTB; type II) and regular spiking neurons that...
journal_title：Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1152/jn.00408.2013
更新日期：2013-11-01 00:00:00
