Abstract：
:Neuroscientists are likely to discover new sex differences in the coming years, spurred by the National Institutes of Health initiative to include both sexes in preclinical studies. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying sex differences in the mammalian nervous system, based primarily on work in rodents. Cellular mechanisms examined include neurogenesis, migration, the differentiation of neurochemical and morphological cell phenotype, and cell death. At the molecular level we discuss evolving roles for epigenetics, sex chromosome complement, the immune system, and newly identified cell signaling pathways. We review recent findings on the role of the environment, as well as genome-wide studies with some surprising results, causing us to re-think often-used models of sexual differentiation. We end by pointing to future directions, including an increased awareness of the important contributions of tissues outside of the nervous system to sexual differentiation of the brain.
journal_name
Front Neuroendocrinoljournal_title
Frontiers in neuroendocrinologyauthors
Forger NG,Strahan JA,Castillo-Ruiz Adoi
10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.01.001subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-01-01 00:00:00pages
67-86eissn
0091-3022issn
1095-6808pii
S0091-3022(16)30001-2journal_volume
40pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Endocrine organizational and activational influences on cognitive and affective circuits are likely critical to the development of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), a sex-specific hormone-dependent mood disorder. An overview of the anatomical and functional neural characterization of this disorder is presented h...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100838
更新日期：2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There is considerable evidence that the central nervous system (CNS) is significantly involved in potassium homeostasis: (a) Potassium-specific receptors located in the liver or hepatic portal circulation initiate a reflex increase in potassium excretion via vagal afferents. This reflex is lost or diminished with hypo...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/frne.1993.1001
更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:As adolescents transition from childhood to adulthood, many physiological and neurobehavioral changes occur. Shifts in neuroendocrine function are one such change, including the hormonal systems that respond to stressors. This review will focus on these hormonal changes, with a particular emphasis on the pubertal and ...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.12.003
更新日期：2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Parental care is found widely across animal taxa and is manifest in a range of behaviours from basic provisioning in cockroaches to highly complex behaviours seen in mammals. The evolution of parental care is viewed as the outcome of an evolutionary cost/benefit trade-off between investing in current and future offspr...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.12.004
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling greatly impacts the development and growth of the central nervous system (CNS). IGF-I and IGF-II, two ligands of the IGF system, exert a wide variety of actions both during development and in adulthood, promoting the survival and proliferation of neural cells. The IGFs also i...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.06.002
更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lipids are essential for cellular functioning considering their role in membrane composition, signaling, and energy metabolism. The brain is the second most abundant organ in terms of lipid concentration and diversity only after adipose tissue. However, in the central system (CNS) lipid dysregulation has been linked t...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100899
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abstract：:In the CNS, there are widespread and diverse interactions between growth factors and estrogen. Here we examine the interactions of estrogen and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), two molecules that have historically been studied separately, despite the fact that they seem to share common targets, effects, and m...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2006.09.004
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abstract：:Male mammals of many species exhibit reflexive testosterone release in mating situations. In house mice (Mus musculus), the dramatic robustness of such release, occurring primarily in response to a novel female, suggests some function. The resulting testosterone elevations typically peak during copulatory behavior and...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.09.001
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abstract：:This review examines recent advances in the study of the behavioral responses to deficits of body water and body sodium that in humans are accompanied by the sensations of thirst and salt appetite. Thirst and salt appetite are satisfied by ingesting water and salty substances. These behavioral responses to losses of b...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/frne.1997.0153
更新日期：1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Studies on endogenous oxytocin concentrations are often criticized for the debatable comparability between specimens and the variation in reported values. We performed meta-regressions on k = 229 studies (n = 12 741 participants), testing whether specimen, extraction, sex, age, time of day, or fasting instructions inf...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100775
更新日期：2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A majority of birds are socially monogamous, providing exceptional opportunities to discover neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying preferences for opposite-sex partners where the sexes form extended affiliative relationships. Zebra finches have been the focus of the most systematic program of research to date in any so...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.01.003
更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Gene therapy, which entails the use of nucleic acids as drugs, is a new approach to treat disease. Gene therapy has been successfully implemented in several preclinical animal models, including several paradigms of experimental pituitary tumors. In spite of these successes, several critical issues need to be addressed...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0091-3022(02)00106-1
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A rapidly growing body of evidence reveals that complex networks of communication exist between the neuroendocrine and the immune systems. Essential to the maintenance and function of the immune-endocrine circuitry are an array of chemical mediators produced by cells of the immune and endocrine systems. Cytokines are ...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/frne.1995.1001
更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:17β-Estradiol (estradiol or E2) is implicated as a neuroprotective factor in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. This review focuses on the mechanisms underlying E2 neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia, as well as emerging evidence from basic science and clinical studies, which suggests that there is a "critical...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.10.001
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The immune system and the hypothalamic-pituitary (H-P) axis are functionally connected, so that exposure to antigens elicits a coordinated response which allows the organism to successfully withstand immunologic challenges. An important feature of this bilateral communication is the appearance of proteins released int...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/frne.1995.1005
更新日期：1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Animal and human studies provide evidence that exposure to the endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC), bisphenol A (BPA), can lead to neurobehavioral disorders. Consequently, there is an impetus to identify safer alternatives to BPA. Three bisphenol compounds proposed as potential safer alternatives to BPA are bisphenol ...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.08.001
更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In addition to its well documented action in female-typical behaviors, progesterone exerts an influence on the brain and behavior of males. This review will discuss the role of progesterone and its receptor in male-typical reproductive behaviors in adulthood and the role of progesterone and its receptor in neural deve...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2006.07.003
更新日期：2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Developmental studies of hormones and behavior often include littermates-rodent siblings that share early-life experiences and genes. Due to between-litter variation (i.e., litter effects), the statistical assumption of independent observations is untenable. In two literatures-natural variation in maternal care and pr...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.08.003
更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Certain mood disorders and autoimmune diseases are predominately female diseases but we do not know why. Here, we explore the relationship between depression and the immune system from a sex-based perspective. This review characterizes sex differences in the immune system in health and disease. We explore the contribu...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.12.004
更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) into the portal vasculature is responsible for the maintenance of reproductive function. Levels of GnRH decapeptide available for this process can be regulated at transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational levels. In the immortalized neuro...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/frne.1996.0149
更新日期：1997-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This review aims to summarize the diverse proposed pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to postpartum depression, highlighting both clinical and basic science research findings. The risk factors for developing postpartum depression are discussed, which may provide insight into potential neurobiological underpinn...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.12.001
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
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abstract：:Identification of novel neurohormones that regulate the reproductive axis is essential for the progress of neuroendocrinology. The decapeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is the primary factor responsible for the hypothalamic control of gonadotropin secretion. Gonadal sex steroids and inhibin modulate gonado...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.03.001
更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Appropriate regulatory control of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical stress axis is essential to health and survival. The following review documents the principle extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms responsible for regulating stress-responsive CRH neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, which summate...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2003.07.001
更新日期：2003-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Molecular modifications to the structure of histone proteins and DNA (chromatin) play a significant role in regulating the transcription of genes without altering their nucleotide sequence. Certain epigenetic modifications to DNA are heritable in the form of genomic imprinting, whereby subsets of genes are silenced ac...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2008.03.001
更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The mammalian circadian timing system is organized in a hierarchy, with the master clock residing in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and subsidiary peripheral clocks in other brain regions as well as peripheral tissues. Since the local oscillators in most cells contain a similar molecular makeup ...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.07.003
更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The majority of pituitary adenomas are trophically stable and change relatively little in size over many years. A comparatively small proportion behave more aggressively and come to clinical attention through inappropriate hormone secretion or adverse effects on surrounding structures. True malignant behaviour with me...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0091-3022(03)00012-8
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abstract：:Human models demonstrate that experimental activation of the innate immune system has profound effects on brain activation and behavior, inducing fatigue, worsened mood and pain sensitivity. It has been proposed that inflammation is a mechanism involved in the etiology and maintenance of depression, chronic pain and l...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.06.005
更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To cope with variations in the environment, most mammalian species exhibit seasonal cycles in physiology and behaviour. Seasonal plasticity during the lifetime contributes to seasonal physiology. Over the years, our ideas regarding adult brain plasticity and, more specifically, hypothalamic plasticity have greatly evo...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.11.004
更新日期：2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The majority of songbird species have sexually dimorphic neuronal circuits for song learning and production and these differences are paralleled by sex differences in behavior, with only males singing or singing at a higher rate than females. Therefore songbirds serve as an excellent model for studying the mechanisms ...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.11.001
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
