Abstract:
:The tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) combination is an anaesthetic drug commonly used in veterinary medicine. It is an equal amount combination of tiletamine, a dissociative anaesthetic pharmacologically classified as an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, and zolazepam, a benzodiazepine tranquilizer. There are concerns regarding the safety profile of this drug combination due to incidents of human misuse/abuse. In this paper, we discuss the abuse liability of this drug combination based on currently available scientific evidence. We performed an in-depth search of medical and scientific literature and found seven reported cases of human abuse of the TZ combination, two of which resulted in fatal outcomes. In most of these cases, drug administration was intentional indicating that the TZ combination was abused by humans. This finding is bolstered by the results of preclinical studies showing that the TZ combination produces rewarding effects in rats, although manifested only in pretreated subjects. Further studies revealed that the addictive effects of the TZ combination are influenced by pre-exposure to other psychoactive drugs. Pre-exposure to ketamine, diazepam, propofol, or ethanol facilitated the expression of the rewarding effects of the TZ combination. These findings support the hypothesis that the TZ combination was and can be used as a substitute or replacement drug. Altogether, the compiled evidence indicates that the TZ combination can potentially be abused by humans. Thus, careful use, dispensation, and monitoring of the TZ combination and associated substances are strongly advocated. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
journal_name
Drug Test Analjournal_title
Drug testing and analysisauthors
de la Peña JB,Cheong JHdoi
10.1002/dta.1987subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-08-01 00:00:00pages
760-7issue
8eissn
1942-7603issn
1942-7611journal_volume
8pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Accurate on-site devices to screen for drug intake are critical for establishing whether an individual is driving under the influence of drugs (DUID); however, on-site oral fluid (OF) cocaine device performance is variable. We evaluated the performance of a newly developed benzoylecgonine (BE) test-strip for the Draeg...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.1966
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A simple, sensitive, and selective spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of gabapentin (GBP) in capsules. The method is based on the reaction of GBP and sodium 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate (NQS) in the presence of Clark and Lubs buffer of pH 11 to form an orange-coloured product which wa...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.242
更新日期:2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fast and unequivocal drug detection is of considerable importance in numerous fields of analytical chemistry, and today mass spectrometry-based approaches are often the method of choice due to their sensitive and specific nature. Mass spectrometry is in constant flux with innovations and thus supports the development ...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.344
更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Autologous blood transfusion is a powerful means of improving performance and remains one of the most challenging methods to detect. Recent investigations have identified 3 candidate reticulocytes genes whose expression was significantly influenced by blood transfusion. Using quantitative reverse transcription polymer...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.2240
更新日期:2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The determination of protein- or peptide-based performance-enhancing pharmaceuticals has gained increasing attention in sports drug testing in recent decades. Proteases possess a high potential for use in the manipulation of regular urine specimens, interfering with established doping control procedures for proteins o...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.20
更新日期:2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oral fluid (OF) is an important matrix for monitoring drugs. Smoking cannabis is common, but vaporization and edible consumption also are popular. OF pharmacokinetics are available for controlled smoked cannabis, but few data exist for vaporized and oral routes. Frequent and occasional cannabis smokers were recruited ...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.2092
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Among the recently emerged synthetic cannabinoids, MDMB-CHMICA (methyl N-{[1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]carbonyl}-3-methylvalinate) shows an extraordinarily high prevalence in intoxication cases, necessitating analytical methods capable of detecting drug uptake. In this study, the in vivo phase I metabolism of M...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.2049
更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Current doping trends overshadow the traditional interpretation of using prohibited performance-enhancing drugs to improve training and/or sports results. Its definition has evolved due to several recent cases of unconventional manipulation in sports. In this article, we present a case study of an intentional intoxica...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.2753
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present study demonstrates the applicability of a strategy involving use of liquid chromatography (LC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) techniques for the identification and characterization of minute quantities of degradation products, without their isolation from the reaction matrix in pure fo...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.116
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Relaxin (RLX) has demonstrated diverse pharmacological effects in various scientific and clinical studies. The emergence of porcine relaxin (pRLX) has raised concerns on the doping potential of pRLX. There have also been speculations in the horseracing industry on its covert use. To control the abuse of pRLX in equine...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.2143
更新日期:2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hemp nuts are mature cannabis seeds obtained after shelling and that are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating functional constipation. In this work, we screened hemp nut products, classified them, and verified the legality of consuming them. A total of 18 products were purchased from Taiwan, Chin...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.2062
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Knowing that polyunsaturated fatty acids can lead to the formation of potentially toxic aldehydes as secondary oxidation products, an analytical method using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) detection was developed to measure the concentration of eight aldehydes in animal feed: malo...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.2013
更新日期:2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) is a worldwide problem. Several countries have adopted DUID legislations which prove their deterrent effect and impact on road safety. However, the use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and prescription drugs is not known, as the applied roadside screening tests have not ...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.2232
更新日期:2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The reactions involved in the metabolic pathways of SR9009 were characterized by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to identify the most appropriate marker(s) of use. The effects of gender, genetic polymorphism, and drug-drug interaction on the metabolic profile of SR9009 were also evaluated. In vitro app...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.2538
更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The availability of a real-time assay to experimentally investigate the release of encapsulated proteins would be beneficial given the interest in the use of liposomes as a drug delivery vehicle. Although simple assays for small molecular weight substances exist, assays to evaluate macromolecules do not. Here we descr...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.2332
更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::This work presents an analytical procedure for the identification and characterization of liposome-entrapped haemoglobins, based on flow cytofluorimetry. Flow cytofluorimetric detection is carried out following labelling by two distinct fluorescent reagents, an anti-haemoglobin antibody, fluorescein isothiocyanate con...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.1956
更新日期:2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::In a preliminary test, four single hairs of a drug abuser were analyzed for the presence of drugs by MALDI Fourier transform mass spectrometry (MALDI-FTMS). Washed hair strains were directly fixed on a sample plate using pressure stable, double-sided adhesive tape; α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid matrix was manually sp...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.1453
更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Increasing numbers of new psychoactive substances (NPS) among them fentanyl derivatives has been reported by the European monitoring centre for drugs and drug addiction (EMCDDA). Butyrfentanyl is a new fentanyl derivative whose potency ratio was found to be seven compared to morphine and 0.13 compared to fentanyl. Sev...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.2111
更新日期:2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::S007-867 is a promising novel antiplatelet agent with better efficacy and lesser bleeding risk than existing agents. The present study investigated the absorption, tissue distribution, and excretion of S007-867 in rat model for further advancement of the molecule. A simple and robust ultra fast liquid chromatography-t...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.1811
更新日期:2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cobalt is a well-established inducer of hypoxia-like responses, which can cause gene modulation at the hypoxia inducible factor pathway to induce erythropoietin transcription. Cobalt salts are orally active, inexpensive, and easily accessible. It is an attractive blood doping agent for enhancing aerobic performance. I...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.1719
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::New Psychoactive Substances are now a feature of Australia's recreational drug market. Little is known, however, about the prevalence of use, the characteristics of people who use them and the relationship between the NPS and ecstasy markets. This study examined the prevalence and correlates of NPS use amongst a group...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.1626
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Three multivariate calibration methods, including classical least square with nonzero intercept (CLS), principal component regression (PCR) and partial least square (PLS), have been used for the determination of pyritinol dihydrochloride in the presence of its degradation product. The CLS, PCR and PLS techniques are u...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.37
更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::In vitro and in vivo experiments are widely used for studying the metabolism of new psychoactive substances (NPS). The availability of such data is required for toxicological risk assessments and development of urine screening approaches. This study investigated the in vitro metabolism of the 5 pyrrolidinophenone-deri...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.2355
更新日期:2018-01-04 00:00:00
abstract::The consumption of drugs is of great concern worldwide. Various drug tests for humans have been developed but there is no compact and easy-to-use test device available yet for direct semi-quantitative drug testing in the field. We suggest using attenuated total reflection (ATR) infrared spectroscopy as a sensing metho...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.346
更新日期:2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Addiction is a complex disorder with interacting factors, including environmental factors, drug-induced neurobiological changes, comorbidity, personality traits and stress responsivity. Numerous genetic variants that affect these factors may work in concert to affect vulnerability and severity of addiction. Traditiona...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.1401
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Harm reduction services, including needle-exchange programmes, have been implemented in Switzerland for over 20 years. Their main aim is to lessen the negative social and/or physical consequences associated with illicit drug consumption and, therefore, improve prevention messages. To this end, knowledge of illicit dru...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.2335
更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::We recently published two protocols for the detection of Sotatercept (ACE-011, ACVR2A-Fc) and Luspatercept (ACE-536, ACVR2B-Fc) in human serum. Both methods used covalently immobilized antibodies on agarose beads for immunoprecipitation and SAR-PAGE/Western blotting for detection. Disadvantages were the relatively hig...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.2500
更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two primary animal models persist for assessing hallucinogenic potential of novel compounds and for examining the pharmacological and neurobiological substrates underlying the actions of classical hallucinogens, the two-lever drug discrimination procedure and the drug-induced head-twitch response (HTR) in rodents. The...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/dta.1333
更新日期:2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The absence of reference material is a commonly experienced difficulty among medical and forensic professionals tasked with identifying new psychoactive substances that are encountered for the first time. The identification of newly emerging substances lies at the heart of forensic and clinical analysis, and a proacti...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.398
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The impact of altitude training on haematological parameters and the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) was evaluated in international-level elite athletes. One group of swimmers lived high and trained high (LHTH, n = 10) for three to four weeks at 2130 m or higher whereas a control group (n = 10) completed a three-wee...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.1757
更新日期:2015-08-01 00:00:00