Abstract:
:Hemp nuts are mature cannabis seeds obtained after shelling and that are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating functional constipation. In this work, we screened hemp nut products, classified them, and verified the legality of consuming them. A total of 18 products were purchased from Taiwan, China, and Canada. Validated high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry methods were developed for analyzing the cannabinoid (i.e., Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol) content of the products and the concentration of urinary 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC. Chemometric techniques, namely hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), were applied for rapidly classifying 11 concentrated powder products in Taiwan. A pilot human study comprising single and multiple administrations of a product with 1.5 µg/g of THC was conducted to examine the urinary 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC concentration. Through optimization of 32 full factorial design, using 60% isopropanol as the extraction solvent exhibited the highest yield of cannabinoids and was applied as the optimal condition in further analysis. The results of HCA and PCA on quality evaluation were in good agreement; however, the tested products possessed distinct CBD-to-THC ratios which ranged widely from 0.1:1 to 46.8:1. Particularly, the products with CBD-to-THC ratios higher than 1:1 were the majority in Taiwan. Our data suggested that all the tested hemp nut products met the Taiwan restriction criterion of 10 µg/g of THC. We propose a usual consumption amount of hemp nut products in Taiwan would unlikely to violate the cut-off point of 15 ng/mL of urinary 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
journal_name
Drug Test Analjournal_title
Drug testing and analysisauthors
Chang CW,Tung CW,Tsai CC,Wu YT,Hsu MCdoi
10.1002/dta.2062subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-06-01 00:00:00pages
888-897issue
6eissn
1942-7603issn
1942-7611journal_volume
9pub_type
杂志文章abstract::In an earlier study, we developed two sensitive and reliable procedures for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of methylhexaneamine (MHA) in P. graveolens plant materials and volatile oils. None of the analyzed plant materials or oils sho...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1002/dta.1726
更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Flubromazolam is a triazole benzodiazepine with high potency and long-lasting central nervous system depressant effects; however, limited data about its pharmacokinetics are available. Here, we report in vitro studies of the human flubromazolam metabolism analyzed by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrom...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.2146
更新日期:2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The impact of altitude training on haematological parameters and the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) was evaluated in international-level elite athletes. One group of swimmers lived high and trained high (LHTH, n = 10) for three to four weeks at 2130 m or higher whereas a control group (n = 10) completed a three-wee...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.1757
更新日期:2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Erythropoietin (EPO) has been misused in sports for many years due to its performance-enhancing effect. In the last decade, detection of abuse has been possible with isoelectric focusing (IEF) based on the different isoform profiles of endogenous and recombinant EPO. The release of new EPOs on the market, such as the ...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.270
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::In vitro and in vivo experiments are widely used for studying the metabolism of new psychoactive substances (NPS). The availability of such data is required for toxicological risk assessments and development of urine screening approaches. This study investigated the in vitro metabolism of the 5 pyrrolidinophenone-deri...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.2355
更新日期:2018-01-04 00:00:00
abstract::A simple, sensitive, and selective spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of gabapentin (GBP) in capsules. The method is based on the reaction of GBP and sodium 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate (NQS) in the presence of Clark and Lubs buffer of pH 11 to form an orange-coloured product which wa...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.242
更新日期:2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Indole-, indazole-, or azaindole-based synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), bearing a cumyl substituent are a widespread, recreationally used subgroup of new psychoactive substances (NPS). The latest cumyl-derivative, CUMYL-PEGACLONE, emerged in December 2016 on the German drug market. The substance features a novel γ-carbol...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.2352
更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::A quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) study based on an artificial neural network (ANN) was carried out for the prediction of the microemulsion liquid chromatography polar surface area (PSA) of a set of 32 drug compounds. The genetic algorithm-kernel partial least squares (GA-KPLS) method was used as a...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.288
更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The steroid profile (SP) is a powerful tool to detect the misuse of endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids in sports, and it is included in the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP). Glucocorticoids (GCs), which are widely prescribed in sports and only prohibited in competition by systemic routes, inhibit the hypothalami...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.2351
更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The reactions involved in the metabolic pathways of SR9009 were characterized by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to identify the most appropriate marker(s) of use. The effects of gender, genetic polymorphism, and drug-drug interaction on the metabolic profile of SR9009 were also evaluated. In vitro app...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.2538
更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Development of a mass spectrometric method for the unambiguous detection of doping with recombinant human erythropoietins (rhEPO) has been attempted for many years. Unfortunately, progress in this field was hampered by the unavailability of highly purified human endogenous EPOs (urinary[uhEPO], serum/plasma EPO)--a pr...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.1563
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The use of corticosteroids, such as betamethasone, in performance horses is tightly regulated. The objective of the current study was to describe the plasma pharmacokinetics of betamethasone as well as time-related urine and synovial fluid concentrations following intra-articular administration to horses. Twelve racin...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.2170
更新日期:2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oral fluid (OF) offers a simple, non-invasive, directly observable sample collection for clinical and forensic drug testing. Given that chronic cannabis smokers often engage in drug administration multiple times daily, evaluating OF cannabinoid pharmacokinetics during ad libitum smoking is important for practical deve...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.1718
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Anabolic steroids are banned substances in equine sports. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been the traditional technique for doping control analysis of anabolic steroids in biological samples. Although liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) has become an important technique in doping control,...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.2090
更新日期:2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Testosterone and related compounds are the most recurrent doping substances. The steroid profile, consisting of the quantification of testosterone and its metabolites, has been described as the most significant biomarker to detect doping with pseudo-endogenous anabolic steroids. The steroidal module of the Athlete Bio...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.1851
更新日期:2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) represent one of the most frequently detected classes of prohibited substances in doping controls. Due to their long-lasting beneficial effects on athletic performance, utmost retrospectivity via urine analysis is desirable and accomplished by targeting long-term metabolites of the r...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.1516
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The impact of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) administration has been widely studied for anti-doping purposes in men, whereas only a few studies have been performed in women. In the present study, the impact of DHEA on the steroid profile parameters and their carbon isotopic ratios was explored. Eleven healthy young wom...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.2519
更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::1-Propanoyl-lysergic acid diethylamide (1P-LSD) appeared as a non-controlled alternative to LSD a few years ago. Although evidence is beginning to emerge from in vitro and animal studies that 1P-LSD might serve as a prodrug for LSD, an equivalent evaluation in humans is unavailable. Controlled oral and intravenous sel...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.2821
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::According to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) technical document for erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESA) analysis (TD2014EPO), double-blotting of serum/plasma samples is mandatory for all analysis by isoelectric focusing (IEF) and for the confirmation procedures (CP) performed by SDS-PAGE or SAR-PAGE. The goal ...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.2320
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of immunosuppressive drugs (ISDs) with a narrow therapeutic index is an increasingly popular tool for minimizing drug toxicity while maximizing the prevention of graft loss and organ rejection. This review focuses on trends regarding analytical methods for the TDM of ISDs since 2011. ...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/dta.2290
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A new and sensitive multi-residue method (MRM) with detection by LC-MS/MS was developed and validated for the screening, determination, and confirmation of residues of 7 nitroimidazoles and 3 of their metabolites in turkey muscle tissues at concentrations ≥ 0.05 ng/g. The compounds were extracted into a solvent with a...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.1356
更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Urinalysis is well established for drug screening. Various methods of urine adulteration such as dilution, addition of oxidative/reductive chemicals or detergents, and handing over urine-like fluids are used to circumvent a positive screen. Validity parameters such as determination of pH, gravidity, urine temperature,...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.2447
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the context of post-marketing surveillance supporting public-health authorities to take evidence-based decisions to fight the spread of poor-quality medicines, the quality of antimalarial artemether-lumefantrine (AL) medicines was assessed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). A total of 150 samples of AL-...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.2420
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Trimethoprim (TMP) is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections. It belongs to the class of chemotherapeutic agents known as dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors. Its use is associated with idiosyncratic reactions, including liver toxicity and agranulocytosis. I...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.161
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of this research is to validate the biomarker-based approach for the detection of doping with recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) in sport. The GH-2000 project proposed an indirect method for the detection of exogenously administered growth hormone (GH) based on the measurement of the GH-dependent mark...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.1423
更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) delta and adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinases (AMPKs) regulate the metabolic and contractile characteristics of myofibres. PPAR proteins are nuclear receptors that function as transcription factors and regulate the expression of multiple genes. AMPK...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.1587
更新日期:2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Buprenorphine and methadone are commonly used medications for opioid maintenance treatment (OMT), using sublingual and oral administration, respectively. Although beneficial for OMT, these drugs can also be abused by intravenous administration. In intravenous abuse cases, the adjuvants lactose and sucrose are excreted...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.2050
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Accurate on-site devices to screen for drug intake are critical for establishing whether an individual is driving under the influence of drugs (DUID); however, on-site oral fluid (OF) cocaine device performance is variable. We evaluated the performance of a newly developed benzoylecgonine (BE) test-strip for the Draeg...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.1966
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The absence of reference material is a commonly experienced difficulty among medical and forensic professionals tasked with identifying new psychoactive substances that are encountered for the first time. The identification of newly emerging substances lies at the heart of forensic and clinical analysis, and a proacti...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.398
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The abuse of stanozolol is quite widespread in Indian sport. Its analysis is challenging and this has led to the development of new methods to improve its detection. A method was developed and validated for the detection of the three main monohydroxylated metabolites of stanozolol. The excretion profile of these metab...
journal_title:Drug testing and analysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/dta.76
更新日期:2009-11-01 00:00:00