Adult neural stem cells stake their ground.

abstract：:A genetic analysis of mammalian neuronal physiology might now be possible due to the development of defective herpes simplex virus vectors, which allow gene transfer directly into mature neurons, in culture or in the adult brain. Genetically altered proteins that play critical roles in neuronal physiology, including t...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Geller AI,During MJ,Neve RL

更新日期：1991-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Itch is a distinct sensation arising from the superficial layers of skin and mucous membranes. It is elicited by histamine and probably other endogenous chemicals that excite subpopulations of unmyelinated primary afferents and spinal neurones projecting through the anterolateral quadrant to the brain. The two popular...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： McMahon SB,Koltzenburg M

更新日期：1992-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The vertebrate neuromuscular junction (NMJ), a peripheral synapse formed between motoneuron and skeletal muscle, is characterized by a protracted postnatal period of maturation and life-long maintenance. In neuromuscular disorders such as congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMSs), disruptions of NMJ maturation and/or mai...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Shi L,Fu AK,Ip NY

更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are ion channels activated by the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate and are essential to all aspects of brain function, including learning and memory formation. Missense mutations distributed throughout NMDAR subunits have been associated with an array of neurological disorders. Recent stru...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Zhou HX,Wollmuth LP

更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In their 1994 paper, Monyer et al. described unique functional properties and cell type-specific expression of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) GluN2 subunits, suggesting that the roles of NMDAR vary across brain regions and throughout development. This influential work not only provided insight into how molecular diversity impa...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Swanger SA,Traynelis SF

更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nearly 30 years ago, a debate over two disparate models of synaptic vesicle retrieval arose. Subsequent investigations to determine which model was correct proved inconclusive and served only to further the debate. However, recent evidence has begun to suggest that both models are valid and relevant in understanding t...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Wilkinson RS,Cole JC

更新日期：2001-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Oxytocin and vasopressin are regulators of anxiety, stress-coping, and sociality. They are released within hypothalamic and limbic areas from dendrites, axons, and perikarya independently of, or coordinated with, secretion from neurohypophysial terminals. Central oxytocin exerts anxiolytic and antidepressive effects, ...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Neumann ID,Landgraf R

更新日期：2012-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Severed distal segments of nerve axons (anucleate axons) have now been reported to survive for weeks to years in representative organisms from most phyla, including the vertebrates. Among invertebrates (especially crustaceans), such long-term survival might involve transfer of proteins from adjacent intact cells to an...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Bittner GD

更新日期：1991-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It has been suggested, on the basis of neuroanatomical and behavioural data, that olfactory discrimination in the rat provides privileged access to higher cognitive processes, involves the acquisition of a learning-set and, importantly, can be used to model human hippocampal function and dysfunction. In this article, ...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Reid IC,Morris RG

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Aging is the most important risk factor for common neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Aging in the central nervous system has been associated with elevated mutation load in mitochondrial DNA, defects in mitochondrial respiration and increased oxidative damage. These observations ...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Fukui H,Moraes CT

更新日期：2008-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:For organs innervated by the autonomic nervous system, it is generally held that neuroeffector transmission is achieved by varicosities releasing transmitters some distance from the membranes of target cells. Transmitters are thought to diffuse through the extracellular space and interact with post-junctional receptor...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Hirst GD,Bramich NJ,Edwards FR,Klemm M

更新日期：1992-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has become a model for the study of a growing number of human characteristics because of the power of its genetics. Higher cognitive functions, however, might be assumed to be out of reach for the little fly. But the cumulative history of cognitive studies in insects and some of...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Greenspan RJ,van Swinderen B

更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) system has an essential role in the selection and control of movement sequences, and its degeneration causes the characteristic motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonian motor symptoms are alleviated by L-DOPA, but this treatment induces motor fluctuations and dyskinesias (abn...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Cenci MA

更新日期：2007-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dendritic spines, small bulbous postsynaptic compartments emanating from neuronal dendrites, have been thought to serve as basic units of memory storage. Despite their small size (~0.1 femtoliter), thousands of species of proteins exist in the spine, including receptors, channels, scaffolding proteins and signaling en...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Murakoshi H,Yasuda R

更新日期：2012-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) with a CD8(+) phenotype have the potential to recognize and attack major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-expressing brain cells. Most brain cells, including neurons, can be stimulated to present peptides to CD8(+) CTLs by MHC class I molecules, and are susceptible to CTL-mediate...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Neumann H,Medana IM,Bauer J,Lassmann H

更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The colors perceived by humans in response to light stimuli are generally described in terms of four color categories (reds, greens, blues and yellows), the members of which are systematically arrayed around gray. This broadly accepted description of color sensation differs fundamentally from the light that induces it...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Lotto RB,Purves D

更新日期：2002-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Sensory dendrites fall into many different morphological and functional classes. Polymodal nociceptors are one subclass of sensory neurons, which are of particular note owing to their elaborate dendritic arbors. Complex developmental programs are required to form these arbors and there is striking conservation of morp...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Hall DH,Treinin M

更新日期：2011-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neuro-immune interactions are not only vital for the control of neurotropic pathogens, but also appear to influence brain development and homeostasis. During immune surveillance, T cells can patrol the CNS-associated border regions to sense pathogenic alterations. While access to the CNS parenchyma is restricted in th...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Mundt S,Greter M,Flügel A,Becher B

更新日期：2019-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The number of neuroscientists in Europe is large enough to match that of the neuroscientific community in North America. However, the degree of cohesiveness in the former is hampered by, among other things, the lack of a common language, the existence of geopolitical boundaries, and the dearth of pan-European funding ...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Singer W

更新日期：1994-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The 'thrifty gene hypothesis' posits that evolution preferentially selects physiological mechanisms that optimize energy storage to increase survival under alternating conditions of abundance and scarcity of food. Recent experiments suggest that endocannabinoids - a class of lipid-derived mediators that activate canna...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： DiPatrizio NV,Piomelli D

更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Speakers of different languages think about time differently in accordance with the spatial metaphors common in their languages. Furthermore, learning new spatial metaphors in language instills new non-linguistic representations of time, suggesting that language can play a causal role in constructing mental timelines....

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Boroditsky L

更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Purinergic receptors, represented by several families, are arguably the most abundant receptors in living organisms and appeared early in evolution. After slow acceptance, purinergic signalling in both peripheral and central nervous systems is a rapidly expanding field. Here, we emphasize purinergic co-transmission, m...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Abbracchio MP,Burnstock G,Verkhratsky A,Zimmermann H

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Navigation depends upon neural systems that monitor spatial location and head orientation. Recent developmental findings have led some to conclude that these systems are innate. Such claims are premature. But also, there are more meaningful ways to arrive at answers about developmental origins than by invoking the out...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Blumberg MS

更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Tissue injury can initiate bidirectional signaling between neurons, glia, and immune cells that creates and amplifies pain. While the ability for neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and cytokines to initiate and maintain pain has been extensively studied, recent work has identified a key role for reactive oxygen and nit...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Grace PM,Gaudet AD,Staikopoulos V,Maier SF,Hutchinson MR,Salvemini D,Watkins LR

更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent opinion surveys suggest that the majority of the public is willing to accept the use of animals in research if high standards of welfare and effective regulation are in place. The public appears unaware that such standards have existed for some time. The scientific community should now re-focus its communicatio...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Matfield M

更新日期：2002-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glia are the most abundant cell type in the mammalian nervous system and they have vital roles in neural development, function and health. However our understanding of the biology of glia is in its infancy. How do glia develop and interact with neurons? How diverse are glial populations? What are the primary functions...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Freeman MR,Doherty J

更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels are one of the main routes for the entry of Ca2+ into excitable cells. These channels are unique in cell-signalling terms in that they can transduce an electrical signal (membrane depolarization) via Ca2+ entry into a chemical signal, by virtue of the diverse range of intracellular Ca(2...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Dolphin AC

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The ability of neurons to modulate the strength of their synaptic connections has been shown to depend on the relative timing of pre- and postsynaptic action potentials. This form of synaptic plasticity, called spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP), has become an attractive model for learning at the single-cell lev...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Kampa BM,Letzkus JJ,Stuart GJ

更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Astrocytes, which constitute the most abundant cell type in mammalian brain, are extensively coupled to one another through gap junctions composed mainly of connexin43. In regions exhibiting high levels of connexin43 expression, tens of astrocytes are labeled following single-cell intracellular injection. Importantly,...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Giaume C,McCarthy KD

更新日期：1996-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Relief from pain in humans is rewarding and pleasurable. Primary rewards, or reward-predictive cues, are encoded in brain reward/motivational circuits. While considerable advances have been made in our understanding of reward circuits underlying positive reinforcement, less is known about the circuits underlying the h...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Navratilova E,Atcherley CW,Porreca F

更新日期：2015-11-01 00:00:00