Abstract：
:Reports on penetrating ballistic head injuries in the literature are dominated by case studies of suicides; the penetrating ammunition usually being .22 rimfire or shotgun. The dominating cause of injuries in modern warfare is fragmentation and hence, this is the primary threat that military helmets protect the brain from. When helmets are perforated, this is usually by bullets. In combat, 20% of penetrating injuries occur to the head and its wounding accounts for 50% of combat deaths. A number of head simulants are described in the academic literature, in ballistic test methods for helmets (including measurement of behind helmet blunt trauma, BHBT) and in the 'open' and 'closed' government literature of several nations. The majority of these models are not anatomically correct and are not assessed with high-velocity rifle ammunition. In this article, an anatomically correct 'skull' (manufactured from polyurethane) and 'brain' (manufactured from 10%, by mass, gelatine) model for use in military wound ballistic studies is described. Filling the cranium completely with gelatine resulted in a similar 'skull' fracture pattern as an anatomically correct 'brain' combined with a representation of cerebrospinal fluid. In particular, posterior cranial fossa and occipital fractures and brain ejection were observed. This pattern of injury compared favourably to reported case studies of actual incidents in the literature.
journal_name
Int J Legal Medjournal_title
International journal of legal medicineauthors
Carr D,Lindstrom AC,Jareborg A,Champion S,Waddell N,Miller D,Teagle M,Horsfall I,Kieser Jdoi
10.1007/s00414-014-1073-2subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-05-01 00:00:00pages
505-10issue
3eissn
0937-9827issn
1437-1596journal_volume
129pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:In humans, the amelogenin gene is present on both the X and the Y chromosomes. However, there are size differences in this gene between these chromosomes, which have been utilised for sexing in forensic casework and prenatal diagnosis. Our study using the AmpFl STR Profiler Plus kit, showed a deletion of Y chromosome-...
journal_title：International journal of legal medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00414-001-0262-y
更新日期：2002-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of legal medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：International journal of legal medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00414-015-1196-0
更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of legal medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00414-016-1416-2
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journal_title：International journal of legal medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00414-012-0713-7
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of legal medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00414-002-0326-7
更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of legal medicine
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doi：10.1007/s00414-006-0127-5
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journal_title：International journal of legal medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00414-008-0225-7
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journal_title：International journal of legal medicine
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journal_title：International journal of legal medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：International journal of legal medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：International journal of legal medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00414-005-0059-5
更新日期：2006-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of legal medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00414-019-02085-2
更新日期：2019-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of legal medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00414-020-02306-z
更新日期：2020-11-01 00:00:00
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更新日期：2019-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of legal medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00414-008-0303-x
更新日期：2009-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of legal medicine
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journal_title：International journal of legal medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of legal medicine
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journal_title：International journal of legal medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF01355519
更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of legal medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：International journal of legal medicine
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of legal medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00414-010-0498-5
更新日期：2011-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of legal medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：International journal of legal medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00414-014-1011-3
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
