Collision or convergence?: beliefs and politics in neuroscience discovery, ethics, and intervention.

abstract：:Current emphasis on odorant physiochemical features as the basis for perception largely ignores the synthetic and experience-dependent nature of olfaction. Olfaction is synthetic, as mammals have only limited ability to identify elements within even simple odor mixtures. Furthermore, olfaction is experience-bound, as ...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Wilson DA,Stevenson RJ

更新日期：2003-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Serotonin is an important neuromodulator associated with a wide range of physiological effects in the central nervous system. The exact mechanisms whereby serotonin influences brain development are not well understood, although studies in invertebrate and vertebrate model organisms are beginning to unravel a regulator...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Daubert EA,Condron BG

更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Intensive mapping of the essential cerebellar brain circuits for Pavlovian eyeblink conditioning appeared relatively complete by 2000, but new data indicate the need for additional differentiation of cerebellar regions and mechanisms coding delay and trace conditioning. This is especially important, as trace condition...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Woodruff-Pak DS,Disterhoft JF

更新日期：2008-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The hereditary ataxias are a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive ataxia that results from degeneration of the cerebellum and its afferent and efferent connections. Recent molecular research has led not only to the discovery of a number of causative mutations, but also shed light...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Klockgether T,Evert B

更新日期：1998-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The current dominant model of binaural sound localization proposes that the lateral position of a sound source is determined by the position of maximal activation within an array of binaural coincidence-detector neurons that are tuned to different interaural time differences (ITDs). The tuning of a neuron for an ITD i...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： McAlpine D,Grothe B

更新日期：2003-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:High levels of expression of Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) occur in neuronal tissues and play a strategic role in the modulation of short- and long-term functions (ion channels, receptor desensitization, neurotransmitter release and synaptic efficiency) that become modified during the brain ageing...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Battaini F,Pascale A,Paoletti R,Govoni S

更新日期：1997-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In adult rodents, subventricular zone (SVZ) astrocytes (B cells) function as primary progenitors in the generation of new neurons that migrate to the olfactory bulb (OB), where they differentiate into multiple types of interneurons. It has been generally considered that individual adult SVZ stem cells are capable of g...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Lledo PM,Merkle FT,Alvarez-Buylla A

更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:How does an extracellular guidance molecule direct multiple growth cones to different positions? The answer is important for understanding the development of complex neural connections. UNC-6 is a member of the netrin family of guidance proteins. It has phylogenetically conserved domains that mediate its different gui...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Wadsworth WG

更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In their 1994 paper, Monyer et al. described unique functional properties and cell type-specific expression of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) GluN2 subunits, suggesting that the roles of NMDAR vary across brain regions and throughout development. This influential work not only provided insight into how molecular diversity impa...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Swanger SA,Traynelis SF

更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Chronic pain is a major medical problem that is resistant to conventional medical intervention. It also causes emotional changes such as anxiety and fear. Furthermore, anxiety or fear often enhances the suffering of pain. Based on recent studies, I propose chronic anxiety triggered by injury or chronic pain is mediate...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Zhuo M

更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The discovery of genetic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) has highlighted the importance of the autophagy/lysosomal and mitochondrial/oxidative stress pathways in disease pathogenesis. However, recently identified PD-linked genes, including DNAJC6 (auxilin), SYNJ1 (synaptojanin 1), and the PD risk gene SH3GL2 (endoph...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Nguyen M,Wong YC,Ysselstein D,Severino A,Krainc D

更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Benzodiazepines are widely used clinically to treat anxiety and insomnia. They also induce muscle relaxation, control epileptic seizures, and can produce amnesia. Moreover, benzodiazepines are often abused after chronic clinical treatment and also for recreational purposes. Within weeks, tolerance to the pharmacologic...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Tan KR,Rudolph U,Lüscher C

更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In a series of seminal behavioral and electrophysiological experiments, Knudsen and Konishi studied the mechanisms of hearing. Their 1979 article showed how the barn owl utilizes unique anatomical features for creating a systematic internal representation of auditory space. This established the barn owl as a prime mod...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Grothe B

更新日期：2018-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Potassium channels are crucial regulators of neuronal excitability, setting resting membrane potentials and firing thresholds, repolarizing action potentials and limiting excitability. Although most of our understanding of K+ channels is based on somatic recordings, there is good evidence that these channels are prese...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Dodson PD,Forsythe ID

更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Precisely wired neuronal circuits process sensory information in a learning- and context-dependent manner in order to govern behavior. Simple sensory decision-making tasks in rodents are now beginning to reveal the contributions of distinct cell types and brain regions participating in the conversion of sensory inform...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Crochet S,Lee SH,Petersen CCH

更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glucose has long been considered the substrate for neuronal energy metabolism in the brain. Recently, an alternative explanation of energy metabolism in the active brain, the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle hypothesis, has received attention. It suggests that during neural activity energy needs in glia are met by ana...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Chih CP,Lipton P,Roberts EL Jr

更新日期：2001-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent studies of the iconic fall migration of monarch butterflies have illuminated the mechanisms behind their southward navigation while using a time-compensated sun compass. Skylight cues, such as the sun itself and polarized light, are processed through both eyes and are probably integrated in the brain's central ...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Reppert SM,Gegear RJ,Merlin C

更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Major themes in neuroethology concern the specificity of key stimuli, neurones tuned to such stimuli, and the release of corresponding behaviour. Neurobiological data from the analysis of visuomotor functions of prey-catching and avoiding in amphibians support the view that retinal outflow in different combinations is...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Ewert JP

更新日期：1997-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Sleep can facilitate memory formation, but its role in cortical plasticity is poorly understood. A recent study found that sleep, following monocular deprivation (MD), facilitated cortical changes in ocular dominance. The magnitude of plasticity was similar to that observed after continued MD, and larger than that see...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Hoffman KL,McNaughton BL

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dendritic spines, small bulbous postsynaptic compartments emanating from neuronal dendrites, have been thought to serve as basic units of memory storage. Despite their small size (~0.1 femtoliter), thousands of species of proteins exist in the spine, including receptors, channels, scaffolding proteins and signaling en...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Murakoshi H,Yasuda R

更新日期：2012-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The complexity and inaccessibility of the vertebrate CNS impede the localization and description of memory traces and the definition of the processes that create them. Recent work has shown that the spinal stretch reflex (SSR), which is produced by a monosynaptic two-neuron pathway, can be operantly conditioned, and t...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Wolpaw JR,Carp JS

更新日期：1990-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Changes in the actin cytoskeleton are a primary mechanism mediating the morphological and functional plasticity that underlies learning and memory. The synaptic Ras homologous (Rho) guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) Kalirin and Trio have emerged as central regulators of actin dynamics at the synapse. The incr...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Paskus JD,Herring BE,Roche KW

更新日期：2020-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The transition from short- to long-term memory requires lasting modulations of synaptic connectivity. In a variety of species and learning tasks, enhanced synthesis of glycoprotein cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs), such as neural CAM (NCAM) and Ll, 5-8 h post-training is a necessary step in this process. If the training...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Rose SP

更新日期：1995-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Several modes of synaptic vesicle release, retrieval and recycling have been identified. In a well-established mode of exocytosis, termed 'full-collapse fusion', vesicles empty their neurotransmitter content fully into the synaptic cleft by flattening out and becoming part of the presynaptic membrane. The fused vesicl...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Smith SM,Renden R,von Gersdorff H

更新日期：2008-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:When nuclear magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of the brain are acquired in rapid succession they exhibit small differences in signal intensity in positions corresponding to focal areas of activation. These signal changes result from small differences in the magnetic resonance signal caused by variations in the oxygena...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Cohen MS,Bookheimer SY

更新日期：1994-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The molecular nature of the metabotropic GABA(B) receptor was for some time a mystery, however it was recently discovered that two related G-protein-coupled receptors have to heterodimerize to form the functional GABA(B) receptor at the cell surface. This review discusses the most recent findings in the rapidly expand...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Billinton A,Ige AO,Bolam JP,White JH,Marshall FH,Emson PC

更新日期：2001-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recognition of foreign or misplaced nucleic acids is one of the principal modes by which the immune system detects pathogenic entities. When cytosolic DNA is sensed, a signal is relayed via the cGAS-STING pathway: this involves the activation of cyclic GMP-AMP (cGMP-AMP) synthase (cGAS) and generation of the cyclic di...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Paul BD,Snyder SH,Bohr VA

更新日期：2021-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Despite its highly diffusible nature, the gaseous signalling molecule nitric oxide (NO) can exert specific effects within the CNS and PNS. To date, the specificity of the actions of NO remains an unsolved puzzle. There are several plausible mechanisms that might account for this specificity in the context of autonomic...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Paton JF,Kasparov S,Paterson DJ

更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Purinergic receptors, represented by several families, are arguably the most abundant receptors in living organisms and appeared early in evolution. After slow acceptance, purinergic signalling in both peripheral and central nervous systems is a rapidly expanding field. Here, we emphasize purinergic co-transmission, m...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Abbracchio MP,Burnstock G,Verkhratsky A,Zimmermann H

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is a common problem for older adults, leading to communication difficulties, isolation, and cognitive decline. Recently, hearing loss has been identified as potentially the most modifiable risk factor for dementia. Listening in challenging situations, or when the auditory system is dama...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Slade K,Plack CJ,Nuttall HE

更新日期：2020-10-01 00:00:00