Abstract:
:When nuclear magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of the brain are acquired in rapid succession they exhibit small differences in signal intensity in positions corresponding to focal areas of activation. These signal changes result from small differences in the magnetic resonance signal caused by variations in the oxygenation state of the venous vasculature. Using this non-invasive functional MRI (fMRI) method, it is possible to localize functional brain activation, in normal individuals, with an accuracy of millimeters and a temporal resolution of seconds. Though numerous technical challenges remain, fMRI is increasingly becoming a key method for understanding the topographical organization of the human brain.
journal_name
Trends Neuroscijournal_title
Trends in neurosciencesauthors
Cohen MS,Bookheimer SYdoi
10.1016/0166-2236(94)90055-8subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1994-07-01 00:00:00pages
268-77issue
7eissn
0166-2236issn
1878-108Xpii
0166-2236(94)90055-8journal_volume
17pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Despite its highly diffusible nature, the gaseous signalling molecule nitric oxide (NO) can exert specific effects within the CNS and PNS. To date, the specificity of the actions of NO remains an unsolved puzzle. There are several plausible mechanisms that might account for this specificity in the context of autonomic...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(02)02261-0
更新日期:2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Within the past decade intensive molecular genetic research has been carried out in the attempt to pinpoint chromosomal loci that may be linked to neuropsychiatric disorders. Joseph Martin reviews progress made in the application of molecular genetics to the study of diseases such as Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's ...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(89)90051-9
更新日期:1989-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a lethal disease that is characterized by the relentless death of motoneurons. Mutations to Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), though occurring in just 2-3% of individuals with ALS, remain the only proven cause of the disease. These mutations structurally weaken SOD, which indirec...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01981-0
更新日期:2001-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Diverse human disorders, including the majority of neurodegenerative diseases, are thought to arise from the misfolding and aggregation of protein. We have recently described a novel technology to amplify cyclically misfolded proteins in vitro. This procedure, named protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), is c...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(02)02195-1
更新日期:2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Elucidation of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying neoplasia is one of the great success stories of modern science, but this success has not been associated with parallel improvements in the treatment of malignant tumors. One possible explanation for this failure is that the most important variables that supp...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2003.12.007
更新日期:2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Depression is a common cause of mortality and morbidity, but the biological bases of the deficits in emotional and cognitive processing remain incompletely understood. Current antidepressant therapies are effective in only some patients and act slowly. Here, we propose an excitatory synapse hypothesis of depression in...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2015.03.003
更新日期:2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons are thought to serve as a final common neural pathway for mediating reinforcement processes. However, several recent findings have challenged the view that mesolimbic dopamine has a crucial role in the maintenance of reinforcement processes, or the subjective rewarding actions of natura...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(99)01447-2
更新日期:1999-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Synaptically released glutamate activates extrasynaptic receptors; such actions are controlled by glutamate uptake. Recent experimental findings show that there are many more glutamate transporters on the postsynaptic than presynaptic side of the vicinity of central synapses. This asymmetry favours activation of axona...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(02)02230-0
更新日期:2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Short-term synaptic plasticity has a key role in information processing in the CNS, whereas memories can be formed through long-lasting changes in synaptic strength. Despite the importance of these phenomena, it remains difficult to determine whether a synaptic modulation is expressed at a presynaptic or postsynaptic ...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(99)01520-9
更新日期:2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Women experience many pain conditions more frequently when compared with men, but the biological mechanisms underlying sex differences in pain remain poorly understood. In particular, little is known about possible sex differences in peripheral nociceptors, the fundamental building blocks of pain transmission. Emergin...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2020.06.003
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The strange and unpleasant sensations (paraesthesiae) or asynchronous motor-unit activation (fasciculation) that result from a period of limb ischaemia are examples of ectopic discharge in peripheral nerves. Ectopic activity also results from demyelination and is associated with serious neurological conditions, such a...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01645-3
更新日期:2000-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cell replacement therapy has been proposed as a means to replace lost dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). In most studies, the transplanted cells have been placed within the target site, the striatum, and not within the lesioned site, the substantia nigra, as the adult nigrostriatal pathway was thought t...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2011.01.003
更新日期:2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::P2X receptors are cation-selective ion channels that open on binding to extracellular ATP; they play a role in fast synaptic transmission between neurones, and from autonomic nerves to smooth muscles. Isolation of cDNAs that encode P2X receptors in the smooth muscle of vas deferens and in phaeochromocytoma cells indic...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(95)93907-f
更新日期:1995-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::High levels of expression of Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) occur in neuronal tissues and play a strategic role in the modulation of short- and long-term functions (ion channels, receptor desensitization, neurotransmitter release and synaptic efficiency) that become modified during the brain ageing...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(97)01084-9
更新日期:1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Maladaptive responses to stress and the associated hypersecretion of glucocorticoids cause psychopathologies ranging from hyperemotional states and mood dysfunction to cognitive impairments. Research in both humans and animal models has begun to identify morphological correlates of these functional changes. These incl...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2012.08.006
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A large body of evidence suggests that neural plasticity contributes to learning and disease. Recent studies suggest that cortical map plasticity is typically a transient phase that improves learning by increasing the pool of task-relevant responses. Here, I discuss a new perspective on neural plasticity and suggest h...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2012.09.002
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite extensive information on many aspects of peptide neurobiology, the links between the behavioral effects of neuropeptides and their actions at the cellular and molecular levels are not fully understood. A pair of insect neuropeptides, the cardioacceleratory peptides (CAPs) of the tobacco hawkmoth Manduca sexta,...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(91)90126-f
更新日期:1991-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Active feedback mechanisms in the ears of mammals amplify and tune the auditory response to sound stimuli, allowing these organisms to enjoy both exquisite sensitivity and sharp frequency selectivity. A requisite component of this feedback pathway has recently been identified. Targeted deletion of pres, the gene that ...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/S0166-2236(03)00030-4
更新日期:2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neurodegenerative tauopathies are marked by their common pathologic feature of aggregates formed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, which are associated with synapse and neuronal loss. Changes in tau conformation result in both loss of normal function and gain of fibrillogenicity that leads to aggregation. Here, we d...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2008.11.007
更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Both theoretical and experimental animal work supports the hypothesis that transient oscillatory synchronization of neuronal assemblies at gamma frequencies (30-100 Hz) is closely associated with sensory processing. Recent data from recordings in animals and humans have suggested that gamma-frequency activity also has...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2007.05.001
更新日期:2007-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Axon interruption elicits a complex neuronal response that leaves neurons poised precariously between death and regeneration. The signals underlying this dichotomy are not fully understood. The transcription factor c-Jun is one of the earliest and most consistent markers for neurons that respond to nerve-fiber transec...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(96)01000-4
更新日期:1997-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::A century after the discovery of acetylcholine (ACh), we recognize both ACh receptors, transporters, and synthesizing and degrading enzymes and regulators of their expression as contributors to cognition, metabolism, and immunity. Recent discoveries indicate that pre- and post-transcriptional ACh signaling controllers...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2015.05.007
更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::As we learn more about the functional expression of nicotinic receptors in specific brain regions such as the hippocampus, intriguing interactions are being uncovered at the cellular and circuit levels. Recent work from John Dani's laboratory provides important insights into how nicotinic receptors can modify hippocam...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)02127-5
更新日期:2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mechanosensation in Drosophila relies on sensory neurons transducing mechanical stimuli into ionic currents. The molecular mechanisms of this transduction are in the process of being revealed. Transduction relies on mechanogated ion channels that are activated by membrane stretch or the tension of force-conveying teth...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2020.11.001
更新日期:2020-11-27 00:00:00
abstract::Until recently, learning and memory in invertebrate organisms was believed to be mediated by relatively simple presynaptic mechanisms. By contrast, learning and memory in vertebrate organisms is generally thought to be mediated, at least in part, by postsynaptic mechanisms. But new experimental evidence from research ...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2003.09.014
更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Foraging-associated predation risk is a natural problem all prey must face. Fear evolved due to its protective functions, guiding and shaping behaviors that help animals adapt to various ecological challenges. Despite the breadth of risky situations in nature that demand diversity in fear behaviors, contemporary neuro...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2016.04.001
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The proportional relation between circulating vasopressin concentration and plasma osmolality is fundamental for body fluid homeostasis. Although changes in the sensitivity of this relation are associated with pathophysiological conditions, central mechanisms modulating osmoregulatory gain are unknown. Here, we review...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2009.11.004
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mechanisms underlying lesion formation in multiple sclerosis are unknown. The prevailing view is that macrophages are primary mediators of myelin destruction in the relapsing and remitting forms of this disease. However, recent findings have revealed widespread oligodendrocyte apoptosis in the absence of a clear c...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2005.01.006
更新日期:2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Huntington's disease is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder, the cause of which is unknown. Excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are all likely to contribute to the striatal cell death that occurs in this disorder. There are accumulating data indicating that under specific circumstances, ...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01568-x
更新日期:2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fear is an adaptive response to recognition of a potentially dangerous event. Glucocorticoids are essential for maintaining a wide variety of behavioral events by their regulation of numerous genes; one such gene encodes corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH). CRH is involved in diverse behavioral responses to changin...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2005.09.009
更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00