Abstract：
:Intensive mapping of the essential cerebellar brain circuits for Pavlovian eyeblink conditioning appeared relatively complete by 2000, but new data indicate the need for additional differentiation of cerebellar regions and mechanisms coding delay and trace conditioning. This is especially important, as trace conditioning is an experimentally tractable model of declarative learning. The temporal gap in trace eyeblink conditioning may be bridged by forebrain regions through pontine-cerebellar nuclear connections that can bypass cerebellar cortex, whereas a cerebellar cortical long-term-depression-like process appears to be required to support normal delay conditioning. Experiments focusing on the role of cerebellar cortex and deep nuclei in delay versus trace conditioning add perspective on brain substrates of these seemingly similar paradigms, which differ only by a brief stimulus-free time gap between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. This temporal gap appears to impose forebrain dependencies and differentially engage different cerebellar circuitry during acquisition of conditioned responses.
journal_name
Trends Neuroscijournal_title
Trends in neurosciencesauthors
Woodruff-Pak DS,Disterhoft JFdoi
10.1016/j.tins.2007.11.006subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2008-02-01 00:00:00pages
105-12issue
2eissn
0166-2236issn
1878-108Xpii
S0166-2236(07)00301-3journal_volume
31pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Parkinson's disease is a common and disabling disorder of movement owing to dopaminergic denervation of the striatum. However, it is still unclear how this denervation perverts normal functioning to cause slowing of voluntary movements. Recent work using tissue slice preparations, animal models and in humans with Park...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2007.05.004
更新日期：2007-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The activation of peripheral nociceptors is the subject of intense scrutiny, because of its significance in pain regulation. Genetic approaches, including homology cloning, difference cloning and transgenic manipulation of mice are providing useful insights into nociceptor function. Recent work suggests that transcrip...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(96)10030-8
更新日期：1996-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Maladaptive responses to stress and the associated hypersecretion of glucocorticoids cause psychopathologies ranging from hyperemotional states and mood dysfunction to cognitive impairments. Research in both humans and animal models has begun to identify morphological correlates of these functional changes. These incl...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2012.08.006
更新日期：2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The orexins (or hypocretins) are neuropeptide transmitters made exclusively in hypothalamic neurons that have extensive CNS projections. Previous studies reported that this system is most strongly associated with feeding, arousal and the maintenance of waking. We review here recent studies that reveal a novel and impo...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2006.08.002
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:No therapy exists to slow down or prevent Parkinson's disease (PD), a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder. Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) emerged as promising disease-modifying agents in PD and are currently under clinical development. We argue that efforts in three research areas must converge to harness the full th...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2010.11.001
更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neurons are dynamic cells that respond and adapt to stimuli throughout their long postmitotic lives. The structural and functional plasticity of neurons requires the regulated transcription of new gene products, and dysregulation of transcription in either the developing or adult brain impairs cognition. We discuss ho...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2018.02.009
更新日期：2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent results shed new light on how some nervous systems can regenerate after injury while others cannot. Until recently, it was widely believed that the main difference between systems that regenerate and those that do not lies in the normal state of their permissiveness to the regenerating axons. Thus, while nonreg...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(94)90056-6
更新日期：1994-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There is compelling evidence linking bradykinin (BK) with the pathophysiological processes that accompany tissue damage and inflammation, especially the production of pain and hyperalgesia. Several mechanisms have been proposed to account for hyperalgesia including the direct activation of nociceptors as well as sensi...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(93)90133-7
更新日期：1993-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Acute inflammation plays an important role in host tissue defense against injury and infection, and also subsequent tissue repair. In the central nervous system parenchyma, following many types of insults, the acute inflammatory response to rapid neuronal degeneration or challenge with inflammatory substances differs ...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(93)90180-t
更新日期：1993-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The existence of an endogenous cannabinoid system was demonstrated conclusively with the discovery of endogenous brain constituents capable of activating the cannabinoid receptors functionally. These compounds are synthesized by neuronal cells and inactivated through re-uptake and enzymatic hydrolysis by both neurons ...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0166-2236(98)01283-1
更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:How did brains evolve to become so complex, and what is their future? Brains pose an explanatory challenge because entropy, which inexorably increases over time, is commonly associated with disorder and simplicity. Recently we showed how evolution is an entropic process, building structures - organisms - which themsel...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2020.04.008
更新日期：2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:When nuclear magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of the brain are acquired in rapid succession they exhibit small differences in signal intensity in positions corresponding to focal areas of activation. These signal changes result from small differences in the magnetic resonance signal caused by variations in the oxygena...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(94)90055-8
更新日期：1994-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A key problem in developmental neurobiology is how axons home in on their correct target tissue and establish the correct synaptic contacts. Recent work shows that in the developing Drosophila visual system a population of distinct lamina glial cells ensures correct target layer selection of retinal axons. In the abse...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01861-0
更新日期：2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Inhibitory interneurons comprise a diverse subpopulation of cells that are critical to circuit function. How distinct inhibitory microcircuits control long-range projections remains poorly understood. A recent study by Lu and colleagues uncovered a unidirectional microcircuit of prefrontal chandelier cells that prefer...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 评论,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2017.09.005
更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Motoneurones are known to die (1) during embryonic development (naturally occurring cell death), (2) early in postnatal development after axonal injury, and (3) as a consequence of disease, such as spinal muscular atrophy or (in later life) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Naturally occurring motoneurone death has been ...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(92)90014-y
更新日期：1992-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neuroethics, a recently modernized field at the intersection of bioethics and neuroscience, is founded on centuries of discussion of the ethical issues associated with mind and behavior. Broadly defined, neuroethics is concerned with ethical, legal and social policy implications of neuroscience, and with aspects of ne...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2006.07.002
更新日期：2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The intracellular concentration of free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) displays complex fluctuations in response to a variety of stimuli, and acts as a pluripotent signal for many neuronal functions. It is well established that various 'metabotropic' neurotransmitter receptors can mediate the mobilization of Ca2+ stores via actions o...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(95)93919-o
更新日期：1995-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A defining feature of the vertebrate nervous system is the ensheathment of axons by myelin, a multilamellar membrane containing a small group of proteins and an abundance of the galactolipid galactocerebroside (GalC) and its sulfated derivative sulfatide. Several in vitro studies have suggested that these galactolipid...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0166-2236(97)01178-8
更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ability to map functional activity in the living human brain has rekindled interest in the organization of human neural circuitry specifically and in animal neural circuitry generally. Faced with incredible complexity, researchers are turning to the power of computer graphics for two- and three-dimensional interac...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(95)92766-j
更新日期：1995-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the classical picture of brain function, electrical impulses are initiated in sensory organs and spread rapidly down axons, jumping synaptic clefts by neurochemical transmission. Patterns of electrical activity generated in this way integrate information throughout the brain and result in coordinated motor output. ...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(89)90089-1
更新日期：1989-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The mechanisms underlying lesion formation in multiple sclerosis are unknown. The prevailing view is that macrophages are primary mediators of myelin destruction in the relapsing and remitting forms of this disease. However, recent findings have revealed widespread oligodendrocyte apoptosis in the absence of a clear c...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2005.01.006
更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is a common problem for older adults, leading to communication difficulties, isolation, and cognitive decline. Recently, hearing loss has been identified as potentially the most modifiable risk factor for dementia. Listening in challenging situations, or when the auditory system is dama...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2020.07.005
更新日期：2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Aging is characterized by decrements in maximum function and accumulation of mitochondrial DNA mutations, which are best observed in organs such as the brain that contain post-mitotic cells. Oxygen radicals are increasingly considered responsible for part of these aging changes. Comparative studies of animals with dif...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2004.07.005
更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Serotonin is an important neuromodulator associated with a wide range of physiological effects in the central nervous system. The exact mechanisms whereby serotonin influences brain development are not well understood, although studies in invertebrate and vertebrate model organisms are beginning to unravel a regulator...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2010.05.005
更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal, inherited neurodegenerative disorder that gradually robs affected individuals of memory, cognitive skills and normal movements. Although research has identified a single faulty gene, the huntingtin gene, as the cause of the disease, a cure remains elusive. Strong evidence indicate...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2008.09.004
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Currently available antibodies to the P2X(7) receptor are unreliable determinants of neuronal P2X(7) immunoreactivity, owing to staining of a "P2X(7)-like" protein that is not eliminated by legitimate P2X(7) gene-knockout approaches. Despite this, compelling electrophysiological and pharmacological data strongly suppo...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2006.03.003
更新日期：2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Advances in gene discovery for neurodevelopmental disorders have identified SCN2A dysfunction as a leading cause of infantile seizures, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual disability. SCN2A encodes the neuronal sodium channel NaV1.2. Functional assays demonstrate strong correlation between genotype and phenotyp...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2018.03.011
更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent studies of the iconic fall migration of monarch butterflies have illuminated the mechanisms behind their southward navigation while using a time-compensated sun compass. Skylight cues, such as the sun itself and polarized light, are processed through both eyes and are probably integrated in the brain's central ...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2010.04.004
更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The laboratory mouse has emerged as a primary model organism for studying axon regeneration after experimental spinal cord injury, owing to its genetic amenability. Mutant mouse models are contributing significantly to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of axon regeneration failure in the adult mammalian ce...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2006.09.005
更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Local signaling events at synapses or axon terminals must be communicated to the nucleus to elicit transcriptional responses. The lengths of neuronal processes pose a significant challenge for such intracellular communication. This challenge is met by mechanisms ranging from rapid signals encoded in calcium waves to s...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2014.12.001
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
