Abstract：
:Activated T cells undergo metabolic reprogramming which promotes glycolytic flux and lactate production as well as elevated production of lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and other carbohydrates (i.e. induction of biomass) even in the presence of oxygen. Activated T cells show induced expression of, among other things, Glucose Transporter 1 and several glycolytic enzymes, including ADP-Dependent Glucokinase and the low affinity isoform Pyruvate Kinase-M2 (which promote glycolytic flux), as well Glutamine Transporters and Glycerol-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase 2 which make available glutamate and glycerol-3-phosphate as mitochondrial energy sources. Intracellular leucine concentrations critically regulate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling to promote Th1, Th2, and Th17 CD4(+) T effector cell differentiation. In contrast, T regulatory (Treg) cells are generated when AMP-Activating Protein Kinase signaling is activated and mTOR activation is suppressed. Unlike effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, Tregs and memory T cells oxidize fatty acids for fuel. Effector and memory T cells perform different functions and thus show distinct metabolic profiles which are exquisitely controlled by cellular signaling. Upon activation, T cells express the insulin and leptin receptors on their surface and become sensitive to insulin signaling and nutrient availability and show changes in differentiation. Thus, metabolism and nutrient availability influence T cell activation and function.
journal_name
Curr Opin Immunoljournal_title
Current opinion in immunologyauthors
Maciolek JA,Pasternak JA,Wilson HLdoi
10.1016/j.coi.2014.01.006subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-04-01 00:00:00pages
60-74eissn
0952-7915issn
1879-0372pii
S0952-7915(14)00007-7journal_volume
27pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The efficient induction of interferons alpha and beta (IFN-alpha/beta) in virus-infected cells is central to the antiviral response of a host and is regulated mainly at the level of gene transcription. Once produced, IFN-alpha/beta transmit signals to the cell interior via a specific receptor complex to induce an anti...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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abstract：:There has been great progress in understanding the alloresponse and the process of immune recovery after stem cell transplantation. Here, we highlight ways in which transplant outcome is determined by unique immunological features of the early post-transplant period that modulate the growth and function of the grafted...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
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journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
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abstract：:The field of Type 1 diabetes research has been quick to embrace the era of translational medicine in the recent epoch. Building upon some 30 years of intense immunological research, the past decade has been marked by a series of clinical trials designed to evaluate the potential beneficial effects of a range of immune...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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abstract：:There are two competing theories to explain the mechanism(s) by which cytolytic T lymphocytes kill target cells: granule exocytosis of a pore-forming protein, and contact-induced internal disintegration. Accumulated evidence supports alternative pathways in lymphocytoxicity, possibly reflecting distinct effector funct...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：1991-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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abstract：:Rheumatoid arthritis is often considered to be an autoimmune disease in which the abnormal immunological response is triggered by an infectious agent(s) but progress towards identifying such extrinsic factors has so far been unrevealing. In contrast, the genetic component of host susceptibility is slowly becoming clea...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0952-7915(92)90059-n
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journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0952-7915(91)90105-a
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journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
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journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Immunotherapy of cancer through adoptive transfer of genetically engineered T-cells constitutes a more powerful strategy than attempts to mobilize the endogenous T-cell repertoire. Application of this technology in patients offers great opportunities towards a long-awaited breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy. However...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coi.2009.02.006
更新日期：2009-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coi.2010.12.013
更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite being unable to mount a bona fide recall antibody (Ab) response to secondary immunization, T cell-independent antigens (TI Ag) such as pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides (PS) can generate protective humoral immunity in adults. The concept of TI B cell memory after being iconoclastic for decades has now rece...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coi.2011.03.004
更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coi.2004.05.003
更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coi.2018.05.014
更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells are programmed by the mammalian fetus to induce the development of lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. LTi cells share a pro-inflammatory profile with Th17 cells, as well as their requirement for the transcription factor RORγt. We discuss here the latest data on the fetal and post-nata...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coi.2012.02.003
更新日期：2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although twelve years have passed since the identification of HIV as the cause of AIDS, we do not yet know how HIV kills its target, the CD4+ T cell, nor how this killing cripples the immune system. Prominent theories include direct killing of infected CD4+ T cells by the action or accumulation of cytopathic viral DNA...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
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journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0952-7915(96)80124-5
更新日期：1996-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Infectious diseases are the result of the exposure of susceptible hosts to pathogenic microbes. Genetic factors are important determinants of host susceptibility and efforts are being made to establish the molecular identity of such genetic susceptibility variants by genome-wide association studies. Results obtained t...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2014-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) defines a family of lipid kinases that direct a wide range of cellular processes and cell fate decisions. Since its discovery, and that of its enzymatic antagonist PTEN, much of the focus on PI3K has been on its oncogenic potential. In recent years, studies on PI3K signaling in B lymph...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The past year has seen the discovery of new isolates which do not readily fit into the established categories HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV, as well as the availability of new assays including the use of the polymerase chain reaction. New combination enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays can detect viruses from two or more groups...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
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journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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abstract：:Immunity to intracellular pathogens and cancer relies on the generation of robust CD8(+) T cell effector responses as well as the establishment of immunological memory. During a primary immune response CD8(+) T cells experience diverse extracellular environmental cues and cell-cell interactions that trigger downstream...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.coi.2013.05.010
更新日期：2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A subfamily of serine proteases is uniquely expressed by cytotoxic natural killer lymphocytes and T cells. Protease cleavage of different natural substrates is now implicated in the cytotoxic mechanisms of target cell membrane pore formation, DNA fragmentation and cytostasis. ...
journal_title：Current opinion in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：1993-02-01 00:00:00
