Abstract：
:Accumulating evidence supports the view that deregulation of the immune system represents an important vulnerability factor for psychosis. In a subgroup of psychotic patients, the high comorbidity with autoimmune and chronic inflammatory conditions suggests a common underlying immune abnormality leading to both conditions. The reviewed data of affective and nonaffective psychosis show that if immune biomarkers exist for such immune abnormality, they may be found in raised macrophage/monocyte inflammatory activation patterns (monocytosis, high-inflammatory gene expression, raised glucocorticoid receptor β/glucocorticoid receptor α ratio, and high levels of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory monocyte/macrophage derived cytokines in serum/plasma), reduced T cell numbers/proliferation, and TH1 skewing. This activation of the inflammatory response system may be suggestive for microglia activation, as these cells are the macrophages of the brain. Indeed, there is some evidence of activation of the microglia as detected in positron emission tomography scans and in histopathology, and it is assumed that this activation disturbs the development and function of neuronal circuits in the brain. Further, animal models of psychotic conditions (maternal stress and inflammation paradigms) suggest that such monocyte/microglia activation could be seen as the result of a combination of genetic predisposition and an immune-mediated two-hit model. Infection but also environmental stressors during gestation/early life activate microglia, perturbing neuronal development, thereby setting the stage for vulnerability for later psychotic disorders. A second hit, such as endocrine changes, stress, or infection, could further activate microglia, leading to functional abnormalities of the neuronal circuitry in the brain and psychosis.
journal_name
Biol Psychiatryjournal_title
Biological psychiatryauthors
Bergink V,Gibney SM,Drexhage HAdoi
10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.037subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-02-15 00:00:00pages
324-31issue
4eissn
0006-3223issn
1873-2402pii
S0006-3223(13)00946-3journal_volume
75pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：BACKGROUND:Variations in maternal care in the rat associate with robust differences in hippocampal development and synaptic plasticity in the offspring. Maternal care also influences pituitary-adrenal stress responses and corticosterone (CORT) regulation of hippocampal plasticity. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR)...
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pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
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journal_title：Biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
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更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2009-08-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：Biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
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更新日期：2017-12-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：Biological psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：1992-02-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：Biological psychiatry
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
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更新日期：2004-09-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：Biological psychiatry
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
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更新日期：2007-02-15 00:00:00
